Index I -17n resource availability and
consumption in, 475, 475f
n structure and function of, 460, 461f
n as web of life, 4
Ecstasy (MDMA), 260
Ectoderm, 330, 330t, 334, 335, 335f
n Ectopic pregnancy, 333, 352, 352f
n Edema, 161
n EEG (electroencephalogram), 254,
256, 256f, 259
Effector(s), 80–81, 80f, 81f, 248f, 250
in nervous system, 240
Effector cells, 162, 162f, 163, 164,
168, 170f
Efferent arterioles, 227, 227f, 231f
Efferent nerves, 248, 248f
Eggs (human), 306, 311f, 370f. See also
Gametes; Oocytes
development of, 308–309, 308f,
309f, 331f
n donation of, 326
fertilization of, 313, 314, 314f,
315, 315f
n infertility and, 318–319, 318f, 319f
meiosis formation of, 308–309, 308f,
309f, 362–363, 363f
Ejaculation, 311, 314
Ejaculatory duct, 310f, 310t, 311
Elastic connective tissue, 70t, 71, 85t
Elastin fibers
aging impact on, 348–349
in blood vessels, 130, 130f
in bone, 88
in connective tissue, 70f–71f, 70t, 71
in skin, 78, 79, 84
Elbow joint, 94, 96, 96f, 97f, 98
Electrical charges. See also Action
potentials; Ion(s); Polarity
of atoms, 20, 20f
in cardiac muscle, 128
effect on diffusion, 54
resting membrane potential, 241,
242–243, 242f–243f
of subatomic particles, 16, 18
in transmission of nerve impulses
(action potentials), 240–241,
241f, 242–243, 242f–243f
n Electrical stimulation, and
healing, 99
Electric gradients, 54, 240–241, 241f,
242–243, 242f–243f
n Electrocardiogram (ECG), 135, 135f
n Electroencephalogram (EEG), 254,
256, 256f, 259
Electrolytes, 82, 149, 149t, 225.
See also Ion(s)
Electron(s)
in atoms, 16, 16f
during ATP production, 61, 61f, 62f
in chemical bonding, 18, 18f, 20–21,
20f, 21f
release of, as energy source, 30
Electronegative atom, 20
Electronic cigarettes, 188
n Electron microscopes, 45, 45f
Electron transfer, 27, 27t
Electron transport system, 61, 61f, 62f,
63, 214, 448
Electrophoresis, gel, 405f
Elements, 16
n in Earth’s crust, 16, 16f
in human body, 16, 16f
in living organisms, 16
trace, 16
Elimination, as digestive tract
function, 197
n Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, 401t
Elongation (as stage of translation),
412, 412f
n Embolism, 151
n Embolus, 134, 135, 151
Embryo(s). See also Fetus(es)
n abortion of, 317
n in artificial insemination,
318–319, 319f
n cloning of, 421
defined, 334
development of, 330–339,
330f–339f, 330t
as development stage, 347t
n disorders in development of,
344–345, 344f, 345f
as evidence for evolution,
446–447, 447f
extraembryonic membrane
formation, 336, 336f, 337f
n genetic screening of, 417
n genetic testing of, 346, 346f
human features, appearance of,
338–339, 338f–339f
implantation of, 332–333, 332f, 333f
n miscarriage of, 344, 345, 350, 361
retina development in, 279
sex chromosomes in, 388, 388f
skeleton of, 70f–71f, 71, 88, 89f
n stem cells from, 67, 67f, 86,
318, 421
Embryonic disk, 334, 334f, 336, 336f
Embryonic stem cells, 67, 67f, 86,
318, 421
n Emergency contraception, 316t, 317
n Emerging diseases, 10–11
Emotions, 255, 255f. See also
Limbic system
n Emphysema, 19, 188f, 189, 189f, 192
Emulsification, in digestion, 204
Enamel, tooth, 198, 198f, 219
Encapsulated receptors, 266, 266f,
268, 269f
n Encephalitis, 10, 258
n Endangered species, 458, 458f,
486, 486f
n Endemic diseases, 173
n Endemic species, 486n Endocarditis, 136
Endocardium, 124, 124f
Endocrine cells, 202, 202f, 286, 291,
292t, 298, 412
n Endocrine disrupters, 297
Endocrine glands, 69, 69f, 286, 287f
Endocrine system. See also Hormones
aging and, 349
cardiovascular system interaction,
137, 301
digestive system interaction, 207,
207t, 211, 286, 300, 301
n disorders of, 293, 293f, 294, 294f,
295, 295f
in homeostasis, 80, 80f, 81f, 301
hormone interactions (“partnerships”),
types of, 286
hormone sources and functions,
286, 287f, 292, 292t, 294–295,
294f, 295f
hormone types, 288–289, 288t
hypothalamus in, 290–291,
290f, 291f
immune system interaction, 301
lymphatic system interaction, 301
muscular system interaction, 117,
244, 244f, 286, 296, 297f, 301, 342
nervous system interaction, 240, 250,
250f, 261, 286, 290–291, 290f,
291f, 301
overview of, 77f, 286
n phthalates and, 297
pituitary gland in, 287f, 290–291,
290f, 291f
reproductive system interaction, 301,
306–307, 308–309, 311, 313, 313f,
342–343, 343f
respiratory system interaction, 191
skeletal system interaction, 100, 295,
295f, 301
urinary system interaction, 230–231,
231f, 235, 301
Endocytosis, 57–58, 58f, 163f
Endoderm, 330, 330t, 334
Endomembrane system, 49, 50–51,
50f–51f
n Endometrial cancer, 325
n Endometriosis, 307
Endometrium
n cancer of, 325
n diseases of, 307, 325
in human development, 336, 337
implantation of embryo in, 332–333,
332f, 333f
reproductive role of, 306–307, 307f,
308–309, 309f, 309t
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 44f, 44t,
48, 48f, 50, 50f–51f, 413
Endorphins, 245, 269
n Endoscope, 346, 346f
Endothelium, 124, 130, 130f
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