I-18 Index
Energy (fuel)
n costs and benefits of, 485
n fossil fuels, 25, 466f–467f, 467, 475,
482, 484, 484f
n ”green” sources for, 484–485, 485f
n nonrenewable sources for, 484, 484f
n renewable sources of, 484–485,
484f, 485f, 489, 489f
n usage reduction, 485
Energy (in living systems)
alternative sources of, 63, 63f
from ATP. See ATP
from carbohydrates, 28–29, 29f
for cell membrane pumps, 56, 56f
n energy budget, in humans, 217
n flow through ecosystems, 460, 462,
462f, 464, 464f
in food, 2, 2f, 4, 5f, 217
from glucose, 60–62, 60f–62f,
112, 112f
from lipids, 30, 63
n living things use of, 2, 2f, 4, 5f,
58, 58f
mitochondria as “energy factories,”
52, 52f, 57, 57f
for muscle cells, 63, 63f, 109, 109f,
112, 112f, 116
nucleotides as carriers of, 36
n Energy drinks, 260
Energy levels, of atoms, 18, 18f
n Energy pyramid, 464, 464f
Enkephalins, 269
n Enlarged prostate, 325
n Entry inhibiters, for HIV, 172
n Environment. See also Ecosystem(s)
n acid rain and, 4, 25, 25f, 476,
476f, 484
n agricultural chemicals, effects
of, 37
n arsenic contamination, 63
n chemical elements in, 16–17
n deforestation, 482–483, 483f
and evolutionary change, 443
n fossil fuel extraction and, 484
n global warming, 4, 448, 452, 459,
467, 470, 478–479, 478f, 479f,
482, 483, 487f, 488
n human land use, effects of,
482–483, 482f, 483f
n human role in, 475
n infectious diseases and, 10–11,
10f, 11f
n living things’ response to, 2
n organization of, 4, 4f–5f
n and phenotype, 381
pollution of. See Pollutants
n scientific research on, 6–7, 6f, 7f
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 37, 63, 219, 486
Enzymes. See also Coenzyme(s)
active sites of, 59, 59f
in ATP production, 60–61, 61f, 62f
n cancer cell secretion of, 427f
in cell membrane function, 46, 46f
in chemical reactions, 27
coenzymes, 59, 60–61
digestive, 64, 69, 198, 201, 202, 204,
205f, 205t, 207, 207f, 207t
in DNA replication, 406, 407
in endomembrane system, 50–51
in fat cell breakdown, 63
in hemostasis, 150, 151
hormone activation of, 288, 289f
in human milk, 343
in immune response, 157, 160, 163
in metabolism, 58, 59, 59f
in muscle contraction, 109, 109f
neurotransmitter clearance by, 245
pancreatic, 50, 202, 204, 205f, 205t,
207, 207f, 207t, 209 (See also
Digestion)
primordial development of, 455, 455f
as protein, 32, 32t, 34
regulation of, 59
renal, 224
in reproduction, 309, 313, 313f,
315, 315f
in respiratory gas exchange, 185
restriction, 414, 414f
in RNA synthesis, 408–409,
408f–409f, 412
in saliva, 64, 198
in small intestine, 201, 204,
205f, 205t
substrates of, 59, 59f
telomeres and, 348
temperature and pH requirements
of, 59, 82
Eosinophils, 142f, 143, 143f, 157,
157f, 165f
EPA. See Environmental Protection
Agency
Ependymal cells, 284
n Epidemics, 173
Epidermis, 78–79, 78f, 268, 269f, 334f
Epididymis, 310t, 311, 312f, 314
Epiglottis, 178f, 179, 179f, 199, 199f
n Epilepsy, 258, 416, 417f
Epinephrine, 170, 244–245, 245t, 287f,
288t, 292t, 296
Epiphyseal plate, 88–89
Epiphysis, 88–89, 89f
Epithelial cells, 68–69, 68f, 69t, 124,
357, 434
Epithelial membranes, 75, 75f
Epithelium, 68–69, 68f, 69t
n cancer of, 430t, 431
cell junctions in, 74, 74f
columnar, 68f, 69, 69t
cuboidal, 68, 68f, 69t
in digestive tube, 196, 197, 197f,
201, 201f
in epidermis, 78f, 79
in epithelial membranes, 75, 75fglandular, 200
of nephron wall, 226
olfactory, 270, 271f
pseudostratified, 68, 69t
of respiratory surface, 178, 180, 180f,
184, 184f, 188–189, 189f
simple, 68, 68f, 69t
squamous, 68f, 69, 69t, 78f, 79
stratified, 68–69, 69t, 78f, 79
structure and function of, 68–69, 68f,
69t, 76, 76f, 85t
in uterus, 306
EPO. See Erythropoietin
EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic
potentials), 245
Epstein-Barr virus, 152
Equilibrium, organs of, 274–275, 274f
ER (endoplasmic reticulum), 44f, 44t,
48, 48f, 50, 50f–51f, 413
Erectile tissue, 310f, 314
Erection (of penis), 314
n Erosion, 462, 483
Erythrocytes. See Red blood cells
Erythropoietin (EPO), 145, 145f, 154,
226, 292t
Escherichia coli, 206, 210, 210f
O157:H7 strain, 210, 210f
n Esophageal cancer, 41, 188f, 435
Esophageal sphincter, 199f, 208
Esophagus, 178, 196f, 197, 197f, 199,
199f, 200f, 208, 218f
n cancer of, 41, 188f, 435
Essential amino acids, 213, 213f
Essential fatty acids, 212
n Esthetics, vs. science, 9
Estrogen
action of, 286, 287f, 292t, 409
aging and, 349
birth and, 342
n and cancer, 324
functional groups in, 26, 27f
lactation role of, 343
production of, 287f, 292t, 296, 300
reproductive roles of, 306–307, 307f,
308–309, 309f, 333, 336
as steroid hormone, 288, 288t
as sterol derivative, 31
synthetic, 316
n Ethanol (as fuel source), 485
n Ether, as carcinogen, 430t
Ethical issues
n abortion, 317
n cloning, 421
n ecosystem protection vs. property
rights, 489
n gender testing of athletes, 360
n genetically modified food, 421
n genetically modified
organisms, 421
n genetic profiling, 417
performance-enhancing drugs, 120
n stem cell research, 67, 318Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).