Index I -19Ethmoid bone, 92, 92f–93f
Ethmoid sinus, 92f–93f
Ethyl alcohol, 41
Eukarya (classification), 3, 3f
Eukaryotic cells
mitochondria in, 44f, 44t, 52, 52f
nucleus of, 48–49, 48f, 49f
organelles, 44, 44f, 44t
plasma membrane of, 43, 43f
structure of, 42, 42f, 42t, 44, 44f, 44t
Eustachian tube, 273, 275
Evans, Rhys, 418, 419f
Evaporation
n global warming and, 478f, 479
and sweating, cooling effect of,
23, 82
n water cycle and, 465, 465f
and water loss, 224–225, 224t
Evidence-based decision making, 8, 8f
Evolution
adaptive radiation and, 449, 449f
n artificial selection, 456, 456f
n asteroid impacts and, 439, 439f
n biogeography and, 445
Darwin’s theory of, 440, 440f, 442
definition of, 3
extinction and, 448, 449, 449f
fossil record, 443, 444–445, 444f,
452–453, 452f, 453f
genetic drift in, 442, 443
genetic evidence of, 448, 448f
history of theory, 440, 440f
of human culture, 451, 453
of humans, 3, 3f, 446–447, 446f, 447f,
449, 449f, 450–451, 450f, 451f,
452–453, 452f, 453f
life, origin of, 454–455, 454f, 455f
macroevolution, 441
microevolution, 441, 442–443, 443f
missing link, 443, 458
of mitochondria, 52
n and nutrition, 214
of primates, 450–451, 450f
role of genetic variations, 441,
441f, 442
as scientific theory, 9, 9t
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
(EPSPs), 245
Excitatory signals (nervous system), 244
n Exercise. See also Athletes
n aerobic, 66, 116, 116f
n and aging, 349
n anaerobic, 66
n asthma triggered by, 189
n blood circulation during, 131, 349
n and bone health, 89, 98
n and cardiovascular disease,
134, 135t
n and diabetes, 299
energy for, 29, 63, 112, 112f
n and heart rate, 135, 138
isometric, 112–113, 113f
isotonic, 112–113, 113f
n for muscle health, 116, 116f
and muscle hormone production,
120, 300
n and muscle recovery time, 113
n nonaerobic, 66
oxygen debt in, 112, 113
n and respiration, control of, 187
and respiratory cycle, 182
skeletal muscle strengthening by,
107, 107f
n strength training, 116, 116f
n and weight control, 217, 217f
Exhalation. See Expiration
Exocrine cells, 202, 202f, 298
Exocrine glands, 68, 69f, 165, 165t
Exocytosis, 57, 57f
Exons, 409, 416
n Expansion mutation, 407
Experimental groups, 7, 7f
n Experiments, in science, 6–7, 6f, 7f, 9.
See also Scientific research
Expiration
nervous system control of, 186–187,
186f, 187f
in respiratory cycle, 182–183,
182f, 183f
Expiratory reserve volume, 183, 183f
Expression, of gene, 378–379,
378f, 379f
Extension (at joints), 97f
External auditory meatus, 92f
External oblique, 105f
External respiration. See Respiration;
Respiratory system
External urethral sphincter, 229, 229f
n Extinction, 448, 449, 449f, 486
Extracellular fluid (ECF). See also
Internal environment
exchanges with circulatory
system, 123
homeostasis in, 80–81, 142, 224–225,
224f, 224t, 229, 230–231, 230f,
231f, 232, 232f, 232t, 233,
296, 299
pH of, 24, 232, 232f, 232t
Extraembryonic membranes, 336,
336f, 337f
Extrinsic clotting mechanism, 151
Eye(s)
n cancer of, 280–281, 428, 428f
color of, 380, 380f
development of, 330, 338f–339f
n diabetes and, 299, 299t
n diseases and disorders of,
280–281, 280f, 281f, 282,
282f, 284, 361, 395
evolution of, 451
muscles of, 112
nervous system control of, 250f, 251
signal reception and processing,
278–279, 278f, 278t, 279fstructure and function of, 276–277,
276f, 276t, 277f
tissues, and immune response, 167
Eyeglasses, 277, 281
Eyelids and lashes, 114, 340
Eye sockets, 92, 92f–93fF
Facial bones, 91f, 92–93, 92f–93f, 331
Facial muscles, 118, 118f
Facilitated diffusion, 56, 56f
Fact, vs. opinion, 8, 8t
Factor IX, 337, 395
Factor VIII, 394–395, 420
Factor X, 150
Factual (declarative) memory, 257, 257f
FAD, 61, 62f
FADH 2 , 61, 61f, 62f
Fallopian tubes. See Oviduct
n Familial hypercholesterolemia,
393, 401t
Family (classification), 450t
n Fanconi anemia, 401t
n Farsightedness (hyperopia), 280, 280f
Fascicles (muscle), 72
Fast (white) muscle, 107, 107f, 116
Fat(s), 30–31, 30f, 31f. See also Adipose
tissue; Lipid(s)
animal, nutrients in, 212
brown, 83, 116, 300
n dietary recommendations,
212–213, 212t
digestion of, 196f, 202–203, 204, 205f,
205t, 207, 207f, 296
as energy source, 30, 63
in hypodermis, 78
saturated, 30, 30f
storage of, 30, 63, 71, 212, 217, 291,
298, 298f
trans fats, 30–31, 31f, 134, 135t,
212–213, 212t
unsaturated, 30, 30f
Fat cell, 43f
Fatigue, and immune system, 157
Fatty acids, 30–31, 30f
absorption in small intestine,
204, 205f
cis, 30
essential, 212
functional groups in, 26f
monounsaturated, 212t
polyunsaturated, 212t
saturated, 212, 212t
trans, 30–31, 31f, 212–213, 212t
FDA (Food and Drug
Administration), 33
n Fecal occult blood test, 432t
Feces, 206, 212, 224, 224t, 225
Feedback. See Negative feedback loop;
Positive feedback loop
Feeding levels, 462–463, 462f, 463f,
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