Donacobius, Black-capped (Donacobius atricapilla): 222
dove (Columbiformes): 48, 156, 267–8; Ruddy Ground-
(Columbina talpacoti), 268; White-throated Quail-
(Zentrygon [Geotrygon] frenata). See also pigeon
Doyle, Sir A. C.: 206
drought: 27, 35–6, 75, 78–9, 100, 102–4, 106–7, 213, 250, 252,
257, 378, 383–4
Duck: Muscovy (Cairina moschata), 222; Torrent (Merganetta
armata), 248–9
Duellman, W.: 136E
eagle: Black Hawk- (Spizaetus tyrannus), 311; Black-and-white
Hawk- (Spizaetus melanoleucus), 311; Crested (Morphnus
guianensis), 312; Harpy (Harpia harpyja), 116, 262, 308,
311–3; Ornate Hawk- (Spizaetus ornatus), 311–2
earthcreeper: 298
echolocation: 121–2, 160, 162
ecological life zone: 19–20, 29–30, 236, 242
ecosystem, noanalog: 28
ecotourism (ecotourist): 21, 23, 136, 205, 219, 224, 236, 241,
257, 260, 283, 343, 367, 374, 387
Ecuador: 12, 18–9, 25, 39, 89, 115, 130–1, 136, 140, 202, 205,
208, 236, 244–8, 368; bird species richness in, 136
edaphic: 30, 85, 251, 253
edge effects: 382
Eel, Electric (Electrophorus electris): 228
egret (Ardeidae): 210, 217, 223, 257, 260; Great (Ardea alba),- See also heron
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO): 35–7, 78, 103, 106, 328,
378, 383
El Salvador: 18
Emmons, L. H.: 121, 150
Empty Forest, The (Redford): 380
endangered species: 27–8, 214–5, 217, 219, 285, 320, 323–6,
329, 335, 338–9, 377
endemic species: 27, 115, 239, 247, 251, 254–6, 263, 276–7,
288, 371, 377
endemism: 27, 115–6, 128, 130–1, 139, 239, 387; regional, 115;
taxonomic, 115
Eocene: 121, 131, 141
epiphyll: 44, 56, 88
epiphyte: 18, 33, 39–40, 50–7, 67, 88, 98, 100, 102, 110, 135,
143, 155, 192, 235, 238–9, 245, 307. See also air plant
Erwin, T.: 136–8
Erythroxylum coca: 374; Erythroxylum novogranatense, 364
Espeletia: 241–2, 247
ethnobotany: 188, 202, 372–5
euphonia: 54–5, 69, 306–7, 316; White-vented (Euphonia
minuta), 54; Violaceous (Euphonia violacea), 307. See also
tanager
evapotranspiration: 29, 31–2, 140, 236,
Everglades: 17, 250, 256–7, 259
Evolution in the Tropics (Dobzhansky): 138
evolution: 59, 93, 110, 113–33, 138, 140–1, 144–5, 147–9,
157, 164, 206, 245, 253; convergent, 113, 133, 177; and
speciation, 120. See also coevolution; evolutionary arms
races; speciation; species richness
evolutionary: arms races: 181–203; fitness, 117; tradeoff, 189
Ewel, J.: 111
exploitationist hypothesis: 193
Explorama, Peru: 25
Explorer’s Inn Reserve, Peru: 136
extinction: 27, 117, 119, 130, 133, 138–9, 141, 149–50, 153, 253,
284, 379, 383, 385, 387
extrafloral nectaries (EFN): 110, 173, 192–4, 197F
fairy: 276. See also hummingbird
falcon: 221, 312; Bat (Falco rufigularis), 145, 308, 312; forest-
(Micrastur spp.), 301, 308, 312; Laughing (Herpetotheres
cachinnans), 187, 312–3; Lined Forest- (Micrastur
gilvicollis), 313
Fearnside, P. M.: 384
Feinsinger, P.: 172
feline: 148, 341–4. See also cat
female preference model: 168
fern: 39–41, 53, 57, 134, 138, 192, 236–7, 245, 247; tree, 236–7
ferralsols: 85
Ferraz, G.: 382
fig (Ficus spp.): 52, 140, 157–8, 176, 274; strangler, 52, 113,
finch: Darwin’s: 120–1, 279; diuca-, 279; grass-, 279; inca-, 279;
Large Ground (Geospiza magnirostris), 121; sierra-, 279,
warbling-, 279
fire: 20, 77, 95, 98, 102–4, 250–5, 257, 369–70, 377–8, 381, 384,
386
firecrown: 276. See also hummingbird
fish: 228–9, as seed dispersers, 169–70; fruit-consuming, 170
FitzRoy, Captain: 244
flagelliflory: 174
flamingo: 248; Andean (Phoenicoparrus andinus),
248–9; Chilean (Phoenicopterus ruber), 248–9; James’s
(Phoenicoparrus jamesi), 248
flash colors: 356
flatworm: 55
Fleming, T. H.: 159
Flicker, Campo (Colaptes campestris): 252. See also woodpecker
floating meadows: 212
flood cycle: 87, 89, 169–70, 205, 209–13, 228, 365–6, 384
flowerpiercer: 144, 173, 276, 279; Indigo (Diglossa indigotica),- See also tanager
flowers: 46–7
fly: Lantern (Fulgora laternaria): 360; sand (family
Ceratopogonidae), 390. See also botfly; leishmaniasis
flycatcher: tyrant, 12, 120, 124–9, 159, 263, 288–9, 297–8,
304, 315; Amazonian Royal (Onychorhynchus coronatus), - Black-capped Pygmy- (Myiornis atricapillus), 126;
Boat-billed (Megarynchus pitangua), 125–6; Common
Tody- (Todirostrum cinereum), 126; flatbill, 148; Fork-
tailed (Tyrannus savana), 128, Gray-capped (Myiozetetes
granadensis), 126; Least (Empidonax minimimus), 319;
index index 421