Ochre-bellied (Mionectes oleagineus), 127, 159; Piratic
(Legatus leucophaius), 304; Rusty-margined (Myiozetetes
cayanensis), 126; Short-crested (Myiarchus ferox), 124;
Social (Myiozetetes similis), 126; Streaked (Myiodynastes
maculatus), 66; Sulphury (Tyrannopsis sulphurea), 212;
Yellow-throated (Conopias parvus), 126. See also bentbill;
kiskadee; spadebill; tyrant
flying fox (megachiroptera): 161
foliage-gleaner: 298; Scaly-throated (Anabacerthia
variegaticeps), 299
foliar nectaries: 194
food chain, grazing: 81
food web: 75, 81, 101, 194, 230, 380, 383; decomposer, 81
forest: cloud, 19, 235–7, 239, 247; dry, 20, 27, 33, 130, 191, 250,
253, 380; degradation of, 377–8, 383, 385–6; deciduous,
30, 32–3, 157, 256; demographics of, 104; elfin, 235–6, 245;
equilibrium, 100, 153, 382; extreme rain, 33; flooded, 48,
169–70, 213, 228; fragmentation of, 27, 109, 320, 326, 377,
380–3, 387; gallery (igapo), 87, 89–90, 134, 205, 209; gaps
in, 40, 56–7, 98, 100–1, 145; monsoon, 33; plantation, 371;
rain, 29–34, 39–41, 73–9, 95; regeneration of, 98, 102, 370,
379; restoration of, 384–6; tropical seasonal or moist, 30,
33–5. See also jungle; mangrove; várzea
Foster, R. B.: 36–7, 100, 106, 134–5
fox: 344; Crab-eating (Cerdocyon thous), 260, 344; Gray
(Urocyon cinereoargenteus), 254, 344
frangipani (Plumeria spp.): 46
French Guiana: 18
frequency-dependent selection: 150
frigatebird: 229, 232; Magnificent (Fregata magnificens), 232
frog: 60, 119, 131, 136, 184–6, 188, 239, 355–7, 365, 382; Canal
Z o n e Tr e e (Hypsiboas rufitelus), 137; Central American
Common Tink (Eleutherodactylus [Diasporus] diastema),
356; Dendrobates spp., 186; Eleutherodactylus spp, 356;
Fleischmann’s Glass (Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni), 357;
glass, 357; Leptodactylus spp., 131, 357; Phyllobates spp., 186;
Phyllobates terribilis, 186; Phyllomedusa spp., 382; poison-
dart, 185–6, 356–7; Red-eyed Tree (Agalychnis callidryas),
356–7; Savage’s Thin-toed (Leptodactylus savagei), 357;
Small-headed Tree (Dendropsophus microcephalus), 356;
Strawberry Poison-dart (Oophaga pumilio), 356; tree, 55, 60,
119, 136–7, 183, 355–7; tree (Hypsiboas semilineatus), 183.
See also anuran; toad
frugivore: 157, 159–60, 165, 195, 274, 283
fruitcrow: 285; Purple-throated (Querula purpurata), 158; Red-
ruffed (Pyroderus scutatus), 286
Fruiteater, Green-and-black (Pipreola riefferii): 285. See also
cotinga
fruits: 47–9; 163–4
Fundação Nacional do Indio (FUNAI): 368
fungi: 53, 55–6, 62, 75, 79, 81–4, 87, 93, 106, 174–7, 179, 187–8,
191–2, 253, 375. See also mycorrhizae
G
Galápagos: 114–5, 120, 279
gallery forest. See forest
Gallinule, Purple (Porphyrio martinicus): 257
Gallon Jug, Belize: 372
Garwood, N, C.: 35
gecko: 355; Yellow-headed (Gonatodes albogularis), 355
gene flow: 120, 128
genes: 116–8, 128
Gentry, A. H.: 134–5
Gilbert, L. E.: 197
Glander, K. E.: 195
glycosides: cardiac 191, 198; cyanogenic, 190–2, 196–7;
phenolic, 192
glyptodont: 131–2
gnateater: 297
goldfinch: 306–7
gomphotheres: 48, 119, 132
Gondwana: 177, 229
Goulding, M.: 169
gourd: 102
Gran Sabana: 206
grasses: 19, 103–4, 171, 211–2, 246–54, 256, 259, 261, 386;
Andropogon gayanus, 253; Brachiaria humidicola, 253;
Echinochloa polystachya, 212; Hymenachne spp., 256;
Leersia spp., 256; Luziola spp., 256; Panicum spp., 256;
Paspalum repens, 212; Saccharum spontaneum, 104; Stipa
brachychaeta, 261; Stipa trichotoma, 261; tussock, 19, 247–9
grasshopper: Chromacris trogon, 183
grassland: 20, 27, 30, 32, 73, 91, 176, 248, 250, 252–4, 257, 261,
303, 312, 383, 386. See also pampas; paramo; puna; savanna
Great American Faunal Interchange: 131–3
Greater Antilles: 17, 37, 236, 268, 270
greenhouse effect / gas: 76, 93, 383–4. See also Carbon Dioxide
Grison: Greater (Galictis vittata): 341; Lesser Grison (Galictis
cuja), 341
grosbeak: 307, 315
ground-dove. See dove
Guácharo, See oilbird
guan: 48, 144, 156, 163, 264; Blue-throated Piping- (Pipile
cumanensis), 264–5; Chestnut-bellied (Penelope
ochrogaster), 156; Crested (Penelope purpurascens), 381;
Horned (Oreophasis derbianus), 264; Red-throated Piping-
(Piplie cujubi), 264–5. See also chachalaca; curassow
Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum): 119
Guanacaste, Costa Rica: 175
Guanaco (Lama guanacoe): 248–9, 344
Guatemala: 18, 102–3, 138, 146, 236, 267, 270, 366–7; bird
species richness in, 138
Guiana Shield: 85, 87, 90, 206–7
Guinea Pig (Cavia aperea): 132, 214–5, 330
Gulf of Paria: 207
Gynoxys: 245H
Hadley cells: 31
Haffer, J.: 116, 129–30,
Haiti: 357422 index index