Index I-7Cholinergic stimulation, in autonomic nervous
system, 256, 256–257t, 257 f
Cholinergic sympathetic fibers, 466
Cholinergic synaptic transmission, 251–252,
252–253f
Cholinesterase inhibitors, 189
Chondrocytes, 16
Chordae tendineae, 419
Chorea, 216, 391, 391t
Chorion, 738
Chorion frondosum, 741, 741f
Chorionic gonadotropin, 740–741, 743
Chorionic membranes, 741–742
Chorionic somatomammotropin, 349, 743
Chorionic villi sampling (CVS), 742
Choroid, 291t, 293–294
Choroid plexuses, 208, 226
Christmas disease, 417
Chromatids, 76, 79
Chromatin, 52t, 63–64, 64–65f
Chromium, daily dietary intake of, 668
Chromosomes
autosomal, 79, 703
composition of, 63–64, 64–65f
in DNA replication, 74, 74f
homologous, 78–79, 79f, 702–703
in meiosis, 78–79, 80–81f, 81 t
in mitosis, 76–78, 77f
sex, 79, 703–704
Chronic alcohol abuse, 637
Chronic mountain sickness, 573
Chronic obstructive bronchiolitis, 546
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
545–546
Chronotropic effects, 452
Chylomicrons, 653
Chyme, 625, 639, 645–648
Chymotrypsin, 651
Cialis, 721
Cigarettes. See Smoking
Cilia, 52t, 55–56, 56f
Ciliary body, 291t, 293, 295, 295f
Ciliary ganglion, 250
Ciliary muscle, 295, 295–296f, 394
Ciliated columnar epithelium, 13t
Cingulate gyrus, 212, 219
Circadian clock genes, 228
Circadian rhythms, 227–228, 337, 347
Circular RNA (circRNA), 67
Circulating energy substrates, 669, 670f
Circulation. See also Blood flow
enterohepatic, 638, 638f
pulmonary, 418–419, 419f, 419 t, 550–552
systemic, 418–419, 419f, 419 t
Circulatory shock, 484–486, 485t
Circulatory system. See also Blood; Heart
autonomic nervous system and, 245, 261
blood vessels, 406, 431–435, 432f
cell concepts related to, 83
components of, 405–406
functions of, 20t, 405
lymphatic system and, 442–444
membrane transport in, 157
metabolism in, 126
prostaglandin actions in, 352
Circumcision, and HIV transmission, 509
Circumvallate papillae, 274
Circus rhythms, 441
Cirrhosis, 138, 637
Cis fatty acids, 37, 37foverview, 209, 210f
sleep and, 214–215, 220
Cervical lymph nodes, 444f
Cervical mucus, 723
Cervical nerves, 236
Cervical plexus, 236f
Cervix, 723, 723–724f
C fibers, 272, 558
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator), 136, 539
cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), 198, 301,
328
Chambers of eye
anterior, 290, 291t, 293
posterior, 293
Chaperones, 70
Chemical bonds, 26–29, 26–29f
Chemical elements, 26. See also specific elements
Chemically regulated gates, 183
Chemical reactions
activation energy for, 89
catalyzed vs. noncatalyzed, 89, 90f
coupled, 98–101
endergonic, 98, 99f
enzymes and, 89–91
exergonic, 98, 99f
oxidation-reduction, 99–101, 101f
reversible, 95
Chemical synapses, 181–182, 182f
Chemiosmotic theory, 113
Chemokines, 495, 496
Chemoreceptors, 267, 268t, 274, 554–557,
556 f, 558 t
Chemotaxis, 496, 501
Chenodeoxycholic acid, 639
Chewing, 620, 623
CHF (congestive heart failure), 486, 607
Chief (zymogenic) cells, 625
Childbirth, 8, 197, 744–746, 745f
Childhood obesity, 671
Chimera, 75
Chimeric antigen receptors, 520
Chitin, 34
Chloride
ionic bonds with sodium, 27, 28f
normal range in blood, 407t
passive transport, renal, 591, 591f
regulation of, 604
Chloride channels, 195, 195f
Chloride shift, 566–567, 566f
Chlorine, 27, 28f, 668
Cholecystectomy, laparoscopic, 642
Cholecystokinin (CCK), 196, 196t, 645, 647, 673
Cholera, 62, 148
Cholesterol
absorption of, 653
in atherosclerosis, 437–438, 437f, 654
in bile acid production, 639–640
chemical structure of, 40f
digestion of, 653
importance of, 40
lipoproteins and, 44, 437–438, 438f
in micelles, 639
in placenta, 744, 744f
in plasma membrane, 54
structure of, 40, 40f
Cholic acid, 639
Choline derivative, 196t
Cholinergic neurons, 190
Cholinergic receptors, 185, 256, 256tCelecoxib (Celebrex), 352
Celiac disease, 408, 635
Celiac ganglia, 247
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 182
Cell bodies, 12, 163, 163–164f
Cell cycle, 74–75, 74f
Cell death. See Apoptosis
Cell-mediated destruction, 507–508
Cell-mediated immunity, 499
Cell membrane. See Plasma membrane
Cell respiration
aerobic, 107, 108f, 111–116
anaerobic, 109–110
Cells
cytoplasm, 52, 52t, 55, 57–58
endoplasmic reticulum, 52t, 60–61, 60f,
70, 71f
explanation of, 10
Golgi complex, 52t, 55, 61–62, 61f, 70
life cycle of, 74–75, 74f
lysosomes, 52t, 58
meiosis, 78–79, 80–81f, 81 t
mitochondria, 52t, 59–60, 59f
mitosis, 76–78, 77f
nucleus, 52, 62–63, 62f
peroxisomes, 52t, 58
plasma membranes, 52–56, 52t, 54–56f
ribosomes, 52t, 60, 60f
structure and function of, 51–52, 51f, 52 t
Cell signaling, 153–156, 154f
Cellulose, 34
Celsus, 502
Central canal, 208
Central chemoreceptors, 554
Central diabetes insipidus, 598
Central fatigue, 382
Central lacteal, 629
Central nervous system (CNS), 206–239. See also
Brain; Spinal cord
acetylcholine in, 190
embryonic development of, 207, 208f
explanation of, 163, 164t
gray matter of, 169, 208–209
myelin sheath in, 168–169, 168f
neuroglial (glial) cells in, 166–167, 166f, 167 t
relationship with PNS, 165, 165f
white matter of, 169, 209
Central obesity, 672
Central sulcus, 210
Central tolerance, 518
Central vein, 637, 637f
Centrioles, 55, 76, 78f
Centromeres, 76
Centrosomes, 52t, 55–56, 76
Cephalic phase of regulation, 646–647, 646t
Cerebellum, 230–231, 391
Cerebral cortex, 308. See also Cerebrum
Cerebral dominance, 217
Cerebral edema, 141
Cerebral lateralization, 209, 210f, 216–217, 217f
Cerebral peduncles, 228–229
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 208
Cerebrovascular accident. See Stroke
Cerebrum, 209–225
basal nuclei, 193, 215–216, 215f
cerebral cortex, 209–215, 211–212f, 211 t
emotion areas of, 219–220, 219f, 224–225, 225f
hemispheres of, 209, 210f, 216–217, 217f
language areas of, 218, 218f
memory areas in, 220–225, 221t, 223 ffox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 7fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 7 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM