I-8 Indexlength-tension relationship in, 376–377, 377f
mechanisms of, 364–369
regulation of, 369–373
series-elastic component, 376
sliding filament theory of, 367–369, 367t, 368 f
twitch, summation, and tetanus, 374–375, 374–375f
types of, 375–376
Contralateral, 385
Control centers
cardiac, 231, 452, 477
respiratory, 230, 230f, 231, 553–559, 554–557f
temperature, 662
vasomotor, 231, 477
Control groups, 3
Convergence, of neural pathways, 199, 246, 247
Convolutions, of cerebral cortex, 210
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease),
545–546
Copper, daily dietary intake of, 668
Cord blood banking, 746
Coreceptors, 511, 511f
Corepressors, for hormones, 325
Cori cycle, 117–119, 118f
Cornea, 290, 291t
Cornified (keratinized) epithelium, 13t, 14, 14f
Coronary angioplasties, 469
Coronary arteries, 439, 468–469
Coronary artery disease, 469
Coronary bypass grafting (CABG), 469, 469f
Coronary heart disease, 110
Coronary thrombosis, 414, 417
Corpora quadrigemina, 228
Cor pulmonale, 546
Corpus albicans, 726f, 727, 728f
Corpus callosum, 209, 216–217
Corpus luteum, 349, 727, 730–731, 731f
Corpus spongiosum, 720, 720f
Corpus striatum, 193, 215
Cortex, 208–209
Corti, organ of, 286–288, 287f
Cortical collecting duct, 605
Cortical nephrons, 586
Cortical neurons, 308, 308f
Corticoids. See Corticosteroids
Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract, 233, 390
Corticosteroids, 40, 320, 337, 524, 525
Corticotropin. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 335, 745
Cortisol (hydrocortisone), 40, 40f, 337–338, 514, 746
Cortisone, 514
Cotransmitters, 198
Cotransport, 146–147, 146f
Coumadin (warfarin), 418, 423
Countercurrent exchange, 594, 594f
Countercurrent multiplier system, 592–595, 593–594f
Countertransport, 146–147
Coupled reactions, 98–101
Coupled transport, 146–147, 146f
Cousteau, Jacques, 552
Covalent bonds, 26–27, 30, 31f
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
devices, 558
CPK (creatine phosphokinase), 91t, 92, 379, 380
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 561
Cranial nerves, 163, 236, 237t, 248, 250
Craniosacral nervous system. See Parasympathetic
nervous system
C-reactive protein, 438
Creatine, 379–380Competence, immunological, 518
Competition, in carrier-mediated transport, 142
Complementary base pairing, 45–46, 65, 73
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity, 506
Complement fixation, 506–507, 506f
Complement proteins, 495, 506–507
Complement system, 495, 506–507, 506f
Complete AV node blocks, 442
Complete tetanus, 375, 375f
Complex cortical neurons, 308
Compliance
of lungs, 538
of urinary bladder, 584
of veins, 455
Computed tomography (CT), 212, 213t
Concentration gradients, 134
Concentric contractions, 376
Condensation. See Dehydration synthesis
Condoms, 722
Conducted without decrement, 179
Conducting zone, of respiratory system, 535–536, 535f
Conduction, of action potentials, 178–179f,
178–180, 180t
Conduction aphasia, 218
Conduction deafness, 283, 289
Conduction system, cardiac, 426, 427f
Cones, 298, 299f, 301, 303, 303f
Conformation, of enzymes, 89
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 706
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
(CCHS), 554
Congestive heart failure (CHF), 486, 607
Conjugated bilirubin, 564, 639
Conjugated proteins, 44
Conjugation, hepatic, 641
Conjunctiva, 290, 291t
Conjunctivitis, 523
Connective tissue, 14, 16–18, 16–18f
Connective tissue proper, 16
Connexins, 181, 181f
Conn syndrome, 606
Conservation of energy, law of, 97
Contact dermatitis, 526
Contact pathway, of blood clotting, 415
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD), 613
Continuous capillaries, 433
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
devices, 558
Contraception, 322, 733
Contractility, 452–454
Contraction. See also Contraction of skeletal muscles
atrial, 423
of cardiac muscles, 11–12, 392–393, 422, 427–428,
452–454
concentric, 376
eccentric, 376
graded, 363, 374–375
isometric, 376
isotonic, 375
isovolumetric, 423
lengthening, 376
of respiratory muscles, 541–542, 541f
shortening, 376
sliding filament theory of, 367–369, 367t, 368 f
of smooth muscles, 393, 393f, 395–396, 396f
tension-length relationship in, 376–377, 377f
Contraction of skeletal muscles, 364–377
Ca^21 in, 370–371, 371f
excitation-contraction coupling, 371–373, 372–373fCis stereoisomers, 32, 32f
Cisternae, 61, 70
Citrate, as anticoagulant, 417t, 418
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), 107, 111–112,
112–113f, 116
CK (creatine kinase), 379, 380
Clarithromycin, 628
Claritin, 232
Classic pathway, 506
Class-1 MHC molecules, 511
Class-2 MHC molecules, 511
Class switch recombination, 505
Cleaning, in respiratory system, 536
Cleavage, of zygote, 737–738, 737f
Clinical trials, 4
Clitoris, 706, 724
Clock cells, 228
Clock genes, 228
Clonal anergy, 518
Clonal deletion, 517–518
Clonal selection theory, 515–516, 516f, 517 t
Clonidine, 255, 256t
Cloning, 738–740
Clopidogrel (Plavix), 414
Clostridium botulinum, 363
Clostridium difficile, 635
Clotting factors, 414–417, 416f, 416 t. See also Blood
clot/clotting
CNS. See Central nervous system
Coactivation, of motor neurons, 387
Coactivators, for hormones, 325
Coagulation. See Blood clot/clotting
Cocaine, 175, 194, 229, 251
Coccygeal nerves, 236
Cochlea, 278–279, 279f, 284–286, 285f, 288
Cochlear amplifiers, 288, 288f
Cochlear duct, 284–285
Cochlear implants, 289–290
Cochlear nuclei, 288
Codons, 68–69, 68t, 69 f
Coenzyme A, 111
Coenzyme Q, 112
Coenzymes, 93–94, 93f
Cofactors, and enzymes, 93–94, 93f
Cohen, Stanley, 5t
Cold, receptors for, 270, 271. See also Temperature
Colipase, 652
Colitis, ulcerative, 635
Collagen
in basement membranes, 15
in extracellular matrix, 132
functions of, 44, 44f
in loose connective tissue, 16
Collateral ganglia, 247, 248f
Collecting ducts, 586–587, 595–598, 605
Colliculus, 228, 288, 306
Colloid, 341
Colloid osmotic pressure, 457
Colon. See Large intestine
Color blindness, 303
Colorectal cancer, 518
Color vision, 301, 303, 303f
Colostrum, 518
Columnar epithelium, 12, 13t
Combustion, energy released by, 98, 99f
Commensal bacteria, 634
Commisural tracts, 385
Common bile duct, 641, 642f
Comparative physiology, 2
Compensatory hypertrophy, 78fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 8fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 8 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM