Index I-25Polycystin-2 protein, 586
Polycythemia, 409, 560
Polydipsia, 598
Polymerases, 65, 73, 78
Polymers, 620
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 409
Polypeptide hormones, 319, 319t
Polypeptides, 42, 69–70, 196–197, 196t
Polypeptide YY (PYY), 673
Polyribosomes, 68, 68f
Polysaccharides, 34
Polysome, 68, 68f
Polyspecific carriers, 600
Polyspermy, 736
Polyuria, 598
POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin), 333
Pompe disease, 58
Pons, 230, 554
Porphyria, 641
Porphyrin, 641
Portal system
hepatic, 636
in pituitary gland, 334–335
Portal vein, hepatic, 636, 637f
Positive chronotropic effects, 452
Positive energy balance, 664
Positive feedback effect, 336
Positive feedback loops, 8, 174, 593
Positive inotropic effect, 454
Positive nitrogen balance, 122
Positron-emission tomography (PET), 192, 212, 213t
Postabsorptive (fasting) state, 675
Postcentral gyrus, 210–211, 271
Posterior chamber, of eye, 293
Posterior pituitary gland
hormones of, 333, 334f
hypothalamic control of, 333, 333f
structure of, 331, 331f
Posterior spinocerebellar tract, 233t
Postganglionic neurons, 244, 244f, 246, 247, 248
Postsynaptic inhibition, 200–201, 200f
Postsynaptic neurons, 181
Posttranslational modifications, 63
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 224
Postural hypotension, 478
Postural muscles, 380
Potassium
abnormal levels of, 152, 606, 612
active transport of, 145–146, 145f
blood flow and, 474
dietary requirement for, 668
diuretics and, 606
equilibrium potential, 150–151, 150f
hydrogen ions and, 608, 608f
in hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps, 626
intracellular concentration of, 149–150
reabsorption of, 604–605, 605f
renal regulation of, 604–606
secretion of, 605–606, 605f
sodium ions and, 608, 608f
Potassium channels, 135–136, 152, 172–176,
174–176f
Potassium hydroxide, 29t
Potassium-sparing diuretics, 611t, 612
Potential difference, 150
Potentials, electric. See Action potentials;
Equilibrium potentials; Membrane potentials
Potentiation, long-term, 199–200, 222, 223f, 224
Power stroke, 368–369, 369f
PPAR (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor), 670Placental growth hormone (PGH), 743
Placental lactogen, 743
Place theory of pitch, 289
Planaria, gastrointestinal tract of, 620
Plaques
in Alzheimer’s disease, 221–222
in atherosclerosis, 436–437
Plasma
clotting factors, 415–417, 416f, 416 t
constituents of, 406–407, 406f, 407 t
explanation of, 20
in extracellular compartment, 131
fluid exchange with tissue, 457, 458f
osmolality of, 141–142, 141f, 460, 460f,
596–598, 597f
pH of, 567, 568
proteins in, 137, 407, 503, 587–588, 641
regulation of, 21
volume, 407
Plasma (cell) membranes
cilia and flagella, 52t, 55–56, 56f
diffusion through, 135–136, 135f
endocytosis in, 54–55, 55f, 149, 149f
exocytosis in, 55, 148, 149, 149f, 182
microvilli, 56, 56f, 136
osmosis and, 34, 135, 136–137, 137f
phagocytosis in, 54, 54f
selective permeability of, 132, 136
structure and function of, 52–54, 52t
transport across, 132–133, 133f
Plasma cells, 503, 503f, 508 f, 516
Plasma clearance, renal, 598–604, 600f, 601–602t,
602–603f
Plasma proteins, 407, 641
Plasma threshold, renal, 604
Plasma volume, 407
Plasmin, 417
Plasminogen, 417
Plasticity, synaptic, 199–200
Plateau phase, 426–427, 712
Platelet aggregation inhibitors, 414
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 329, 351
Platelet inhibitors, 414
Platelet plugs, 414
Platelet release reaction, 414
Platelets, 409, 409f, 414, 415f, 522
Plavix (clopidogrel), 414
Pleural membranes, 536
Pluripotent cells, 19, 64, 738
PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), 409
Pneumotaxic respiratory center, 230, 554
Pneumothorax, 539, 539f, 544 t
PNS. See Peripheral nervous system
Podocytes, 587
Point mutation, 75
Poiseuille’s law, 464
Poison ivy, 526
Poison oak, 526
Poison sumac, 526
Polar body, 725, 726f, 727 f
Polar hormones, 319–320
Polarity, in transport, 149
Polar molecules, 26–27, 27f
Polio, 55, 517
Pollen, 524
Pollution, 544
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 641
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), 586
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 732
Polycystin-1 protein, 586Phosphodiesterase, 301, 328
Phospholipase, 652
Phospholipase A, 652
Phospholipase C, 328
Phospholipase C–Ca^21 second messenger system,
328–329, 329f, 330 t
Phospholipids
in bile, 638
in blood clotting, 415, 416f
characteristics of, 38–39, 39f
digestion of, 652
in plasma membrane, 53, 53f
in surfactant, 540
Phosphoric acid, 29t
Phosphorus, recommended dietary allowance for,
665 t, 668
Phosphorylation. See also Oxidative phosphorylation
direct, 115
enzyme activation and, 94
in glycolysis, 108
Photopsins, 301
Photoreceptors. See also Cones; Rods
adequate stimulus for, 267, 268t, 298–299
dark current in, 301, 301–302f
distribution of, 304
electrical activity in, 300–301, 301f, 302 f
Photosynthesis, 98, 98f
Phototherapy, 348, 564
Phrenic motor nuclei, 554
Phrenic nerves, 554
Physical activity. See Exercise
Physiological concentrations, of hormones, 322
Physiological dead space, 544t
Physiological jaundice of the newborn, 564, 640
Physiological Reviews (journal), 3
Physiology
comparative, 2
explanation of, 2
history of, 4–6, 5t
Physiology (journal), 3
Physostigmine, 189
Pia, 208
PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone), 335
Pilocarpine, 256t
Pineal gland, 226, 228, 318t, 346–348, 348f, 712
Pinna, 283
Pinocytosis, 54–55
Pioglitazone (Actos), 684
Piriform cortex, 278
Pitch, 283, 285–286, 286f, 288–289
Pitch discrimination, 288
Pitocin, 333. See also Oxytocin
Pituicytes, 331
Pituitary-adrenal axis, 337
Pituitary dwarfism, 332
Pituitary gland, 331–337. See also Anterior pituitary
gland; Posterior pituitary gland
characteristics of, 318t
feedback control of, 335–336, 336f
higher brain function and secretion, 336–337
hormones of, 331–333, 332t
hypothalamic control of, 333–335, 333–335f, 335 t
regulation of, 227
structure of, 331, 331f
Pituitary-gonad axis, 336, 336f
Pituitary-ovarian axis, 727
Pituitary-thyroid axis, 336, 336f
PKD (polycystic kidney disease), 586
PKU (phenylketonuria), 96, 97t
Placenta, 349, 413, 484, 740–744, 744tfox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 25fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 25 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM