268 Index
transmission continued
between-herd 53–54
calves 123–124
cattle–cattle 45, 47, 65, 68
cattle–human 37, 37
deer–cattle 100
density-dependent 48–50, 49
direct 100
dynamics 68, 70
environmental 47–48, 53
foodborne 34
indirect 100
inter-herd 249
inter-species 99
and life history of infection 43–48
livestock–wildlife 99–100
managed populations 51–54
mathematical models 47
models 44, 46
multi-species 101
multiple hosts 63
Mycobacterium bovis 17
pseudo-vertical 47, 50
respiratory 47
routes and mechanisms 47–48, 58
unmanaged herds 48–51
transport networks 251
Tregs 157
Tripartite Alliance 13, 14
trojan horses 144
tuberculin 45, 46, 175, 210, 250
testing 12, 46–47, 50, 54, 62, 67, 192, 241
herds 51
tuberculin skin test (TST) 44, 173, 174–175, 176,
184, 199, 250, 251
Japan 37
tuberculous meningitis 24
Tunisia 64
Uganda
farmers 22
Mycobacterium bovis 64
United Kingdom (UK)
badgers 99–100
control programmes 62
Food Safety Agency 20
meat 20
Mycobacterium bovis 62–63
zoonotic tuberculosis 22
United Nations (UN) 242
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 17, 24
United States of America (USA) 60, 69
deer 100
Department of Agriculture (USDA) 226
human tuberculosis 16
pigs 84
white-tailed deer 234
wild deer 213
zoonotic tuberculosis 22
unmanaged herds
Ethiopia 50
India 50
transmission 48–51
urine 96, 183–184, 199
badgers 94, 95
LAM test 199vaccination 14, 49, 62, 154, 155, 157, 158, 174,
179, 206–224, 235, 250, 251–252
African buffalo 217
badgers 214–216, 234
brushtail possums 213–214
cattle 207–211, 241
Chad 32
control 12
deer 212–213
delivery 216
design 156, 157
development 200
DNA 209
efficacy 163, 192, 207, 210–212, 216
ferrets 217
goats 211–212
immunological 252
livestock 243
manufacturers 12
microbiological 251–252
Mycobacterium bovis 216, 217
new generation 208–210, 209
oral 214, 252
baits 216–217
production 12
protein 209–210
safety 216, 252
success 158
trials 128
virally-vectored 210
wild boar 216–217
wildlife 213–217, 214 , 234, 252
vaccines, live attenuated mycobacterial 208–209
variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) 61
veterinarians 2, 4, 25, 80, 248
Canada 21
protocol compliance 46
public health 9, 13
research laboratories 61
village leaders 242
virally-vectored vaccines 210
virulence 106–107, 113, 115, 145, 146, 163, 252
BCG 108
viruses 143