Jim_Krane]_Energy_Kingdoms__Oil_and_Political_Sur

86WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM experiences back to academia, serving first as a professor and then as an associate dean of enginee ...

WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM87 energy subsidies are also inviolable components of the social contract between state and society. R ...

88WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM cannot take away their benefits. According to Beblawi and Luciani, subsi- dies, once extended, beco ...

WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM89 oil prices that followed the high- price heyday of the 1970s and that put severe pressure on state ...

90WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM be tricky. The policies other governments might respond with— reducing spending or imposing taxes— ...

WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM91 exportable commodities is fundamentally different than rent- funded benefits such as housing, educa ...

92WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM toxic “sour” gas, laced with hydrogen sulfide. Production costs for these “nonassociated” sources s ...

WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM93 National oil companies take the hit. Their cash flow is reduced, which damages their wherewithal to ...

94WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM is emerging as a cautionary example of the dangers of the new climate. Summers in the Gulf are alre ...

WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM95 the Middle East is growing quickly. The UAE’s coal consumption grew by 24 percent in 2016, leading ...

96WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM failed; Saudi Arabia imposed electricity tariff increases in 1985 and 1999 that were quickly revers ...

WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM97 uprising, unrest is not the typical outcome. All but five of twenty- eight substantial energy subsi ...

7. Iran and Dubai Lead the Way D own through the centuries, Gulf Arabs have taken numerous cues from Persia: in poetry, architec ...

IRAN AND DUBAI LEAD THE WAY99 IRAN’S DRAMATIC REFORMS By 2010, subsidies on energy had pushed Iran into the advanced stages of ...

100IRAN AND DUBAI LEAD THE WAY cheap, while targeting the wealthy with drastic increases for wasteful consumption. “Some of the ...

IRAN AND DUBAI LEAD THE WAY101 2018). Rising price bands were designed to encourage conservation and protect the poor. The pric ...

102IRAN AND DUBAI LEAD THE WAY shortcoming— inflation reduced prices in real terms. Inflation also undermined the value of the ...

IRAN AND DUBAI LEAD THE WAY103 The need for replacement benefits may not be universal, especially for less ambitious reforms th ...

104IRAN AND DUBAI LEAD THE WAY al- Khaimah found paltry deposits, and the other three sheikhdoms found nothing.^19 Even so, oil ...

IRAN AND DUBAI LEAD THE WAY105 imposed the first- ever limits on citizens’ receipt of free municipal water, which had to be des ...