Psychology2016

Learning 181 (Thomas, 1994). Although classical conditioning happens quite easily, Pavlov and his other researchers formulated a ...

182 CHAPTER 5 Why does the removal of an unconditioned stimulus lead to extinction of the condi- tioned response? One theory is ...

Learning 183 higher-order conditioning occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the ...

184 CHAPTER 5 reacted in fear by shivering and squealing at the onset of the tone, a kind of conditioned emotional response. But ...

Learning 185 The next time you watch television, watch the commercials closely. Advertisers often use certain objects or certain ...

186 CHAPTER 5 butterfly is poisonous to birds, but the moth isn’t. The moth’s mimicry causes birds to avoid eating it, even thou ...

Learning 187 Definition of Learning (any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice) “relat ...

188 CHAPTER 5 What’s In It for Me? Operant Conditioning So far, all learning seems to involve involuntary behavior, but I know t ...

Learning 189 was followed by a pleasurable consequence (getting out and getting fed), so pushing the lever became a repeated res ...

190 CHAPTER 5 a response will strengthen it. The reinforcing properties of money must be learned, but candy gives immediate rewa ...

Learning 191 the nucleus accumbens. Remember our discussion of drug dependence and the reward pathway in Chapter Four? to Learni ...

192 CHAPTER 5 Let’s consider a few examples of each of these types of reinforcement. Getting money for working is an example of ...

Learning 193 THE PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT Consider the following scenario: Alicia’s mother agrees to give her a quarter ever ...

194 CHAPTER 5 differ is in whether the number of responses or interval of time is fixed (the same in each case) or variable (a d ...

Learning 195 Paychecks aren’t the only kind of fixed schedule that people experience. When do you study the hardest? Isn’t it ri ...

196 CHAPTER 5 A variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which the number of responses changes from one trial to the n ...

Learning 197 As you can see from this table, punishment is actually the opposite of reinforce- ment. It is any event or stimulus ...

198 CHAPTER 5 application as positive punishment and punishment by removal as negative punish- ment. While technically these ter ...

Learning 199 from the child. Children sometimes become more likely to use aggression to get what they want when they receive thi ...

200 CHAPTER 5 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization ...