FoundationalConceptsNeuroscience

CHAPTER 1 5 Ears and Hearing When I was in the third grade, my teacher asked the class an oft-re- peated question: if a tree fal ...

often do also in my usage of the word. Generally this is not a problem, unless one is faced with questions like the tree falling ...

Figure 15.1. A bell vibrating after a clapper strikes it generates a rhythmic pattern of alternating compression and rarefaction ...

seconds to negotiate each kilometer: about 15 seconds to travel 5 kilo- meters. So there will be a 15-second gap between seeing ...

the human visual system responds to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers, so-ca ...

Figure 15.5. This complex sinusoidal waveform (solid line) is generated from a combination of three simple sine waves (dashed li ...

15.6). Even the single note of middle C played on a piano is not a pure tone but a complex waveform reflecting a combination of ...

oe RU Violin ALIA IIS [I Harmonica NIWA SS ta a2 Ss fo dion, Speech Rattle ANYWAY Figure 15.6. Complex sinusoidal waveforms, sho ...

frequencies and amplitudes. This is called a Fourier series, Fourier decomposition, or Fourier analysis, named after the French ...

AVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAUA AVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAYA 5 milliseconds Figure 15.8. Sound waveform produced by a Jew ...

position. The amplitudes of the component frequencies have been magnified (all by the same factor) so that their structures are ...

Middle C r r ao TD g ® (^2) °o ® zs 5 30F 4 3 20}^4 a 10 4 0 1 1 : A 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 40 : $ 0 500 1000 §=6 1500» ...

connected bones, collectively called the ossicles. Individually, they are called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup (Latin: malleus, ...

The interior of the bony labyrinth is filled with fluid (water and ions), and the vibration of the oval window sets the fluid in ...

Figure 15.11. Bony labyrinth of the human inner ear. The cochlea (on the right) is a coiled structure; cochlea derives from the ...

ing of the hairs initiates a signal from the hair cell to the nerves carry- ing signal information to the brain. Here is how tha ...

Ca’? Cat* { } Afferent nerve Efferent nerve Figure 15.12. Inner-ear hair cell. Afferent fibers (Latin af = toward, ferre = carry ...

any sound. The background noise would become deafening—not a good thing! Thus, just as with the rod photoreceptors in the visual ...

Figure 15.13. Human skull, from the 1918 edition of Henry Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body. Did you guess? The answer is the sou ...

called the spiral ganglion, one cluster for each ear. These are so-called bipolar neurons, with a single myelinated (for efficie ...