FoundationalConceptsNeuroscience

nine. Specific enzymes catalyze each step in this pathway. Ventral tegmentum Substantia nigra Figure 7.5. Some of the dopaminerg ...

in number and are also found in the vicinity of the locus coeruleus. The substantia nigra (Latin nigra = dark) and locus coerule ...

throughout the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and the entire brain. These neurotransmitters are involved in global modulation of a ...

ionotropic and GPCR types. Chapter 6 discussed the actions of glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine at their associated ionotropic ...

or the smell of an unusual odor. There may be rapid and inexplicable emotional or cognitive changes. There are often involuntary ...

remain still largely uncharacterized. Certain configurations of neural connectivity arising during the wiring of the brain early ...

they work to reduce neuronal excitability, the general themes are interference with voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium ...

carefully controlled under most circumstances. However, if large quantities of Ca** enter the cell quickly, the normal regulator ...

CHAPTER 8 Poison, Medicine, and Pharmacology We can think of a drug as a chemical that in small amounts has a sig- nificant effe ...

One of the many things he is known for is his teaching that all sub- stances are poison and that whether something acts as a poi ...

oO HO ~ -OH HO OH HNN OH HN Tetrodotoxin Figure 8.1. Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, bet- ter known as ...

channels prevents neurons from sending signals. Numbness occurs because signals from sensory neurons in the skin do not reach th ...

Figure 8.2. Blood vessel cross sections: in the body (left) and in the CNS (right). Note the gaps between the cells on the left ...

used to move energy throughout the body. (Phosphate bonds, espe- cially ATP, are the primary energy currency inside of cells.) O ...

ant Na channel that is resistant to TTX, thus allowing these snakes to safely eat the TTX-containing newts. Other poisons beside ...

paralysis and the resulting suffocation. Whales and other marine animals have been known to die from PSP after consuming suffici ...

gated sodium channel function comes from the secretions found in the skin of certain tropical frogs, such as Phyllobates terribi ...

Another place where BTXs have been identified is in the skin and feathers of the New Guinea pitohui bird. In this case, the bird ...

not possess the other CNS and autonomic nervous system effects of cocaine. Such molecules include benzocaine, lidocaine (brand n ...

S N \ N Zo ® Nicotine N OCH; H CHa Tubocurarine The AChR that binds nicotine is blocked (antagonized) by the mole- cule tubocura ...