The History Book

119 See also: The crowning of Charlemagne 82–83 ■ Marco Polo reaches Shangdu 104–05 ■ The Columbian Exchange 158–59 ■ The openin ...

I HAVE WORKED TO DISCHARGE HEAVEN’S WILL HONGWU FOUNDS THE MING DYNASTY (1368) US_120-127_Hongwu_founds_Ming.indd 120 15/02/2016 ...

I HAVE WORKED TO DISCHARGE HEAVEN’S WILL HONGWU FOUNDS THE MING DYNASTY (1368) US_120-127_Hongwu_founds_Ming.indd 121 15/02/2016 ...

122 ousted the despised Yuan dynasty— founded by Kublai Khan, the Mongol conqueror of China—the country’s rulers since 1279. Zhu ...

123 The tribulations of Hongwu’s early life led him to improve the lot of China’s rural poor, but they also created a cruel and ...

124 HONGWU FOUNDS THE MING DYNASTY grand secretariat emerged—an advisory board through which the emperor responded to the six mi ...

125 so he promoted education and trained scholars specifically for the bureaucracy. In 1373, he suspended the traditional examin ...

126 China’s domination over the area by exacting tribute and other gestures of homage to the emperor. The later Ming However, th ...

127 appeared off Canton (now Guangzhou) in the south, and by 1557, Portugal had established a permanent base at Macao. Spanish a ...

128 CAST DOWN THE ADVERSARIES OF MY CHRISTIAN PEOPLE THE FALL OF GRANADA (1492) A t midnight on January 2, 1492, Abu ‘Abd Allah, ...

129 See also: Founding of Baghdad 86–93 ■ The fall of Jerusalem 106–07 ■ The fall of Constantinople 138–41 ■ Christopher Columbu ...

130 I HAVE NEWLY DEVISED 28 LETTERS KING SEJONG INTRODUCES A NEW SCRIPT (1443) I n 1443, the Korean court of King Sejong announc ...

131 See also: The An Lushan revolt 84–85 ■ Kublai Khan conquers the Song 102–03 ■ Hongwu founds the Ming dynasty 120–27 ■ The Me ...

132 THE ARAB ADVANCE IS HALTED AT TOURS (732) By the 8th century, the Islamic people of the Arabian peninsula had conquered much ...

THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 133 link between England and mainland Europe, in which England’s rulers held French lands and spoke French. T ...

THE EARLY MODERN ERA 1420 –1795 US_134-135_Ch_4_Opener.indd 134 15/02/2016 16:42 THE EARLY MODERN ERA 1420 –1795 US_134-135_Ch_4 ...

THE EARLY MODERN ERA 1420 –1795 US_134-135_Ch_4_Opener.indd 135 15/02/2016 16:42 ...

136 T he course of world events always looks different in retrospect from the way that it appears at the time, but the contrast ...

137 countries, including India, Imperial China, the Mughal Empire, and the Japanese shogunate at first merely tolerated the Euro ...

138 I n 1453, the Ottoman Turks attacked and took the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The loss of t ...