The History Book

US_058-065_Assassination_of_Caesar.indd 59 15/02/2016 16:40 ...

60 enabled him to rule as emperor, bringing the 500-year-old Roman Republic to an end in all but name. Republican origins From i ...

61 through a combination of conquest and diplomacy until it incorporated the whole of Italy. Between 202 and 120 bce, Rome came ...

62 slave labor from the provinces, driving many Roman farm workers and smallholders off the land and into the city in search of ...

63 Athenian poet Menander, he announced alea iacta est (“let the dice roll”) and led his men onward. Caesar’s new order In the e ...

64 Death of a dictator The assassination plot grew rapidly, eventually including 60 senators, among them many of Caesar’s close ...

65 The Ara Pacis Augustae altar in Rome is dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of peace. The processional frieze shows members o ...

66 BY THIS SIGN CONQUER THE BATTLE OF MILVIAN BRIDGE (312 ce) I n October 312 ce, Emperor Constantine I was stationed at the Mil ...

67 See also: The Sack of Rome 68–69 ■ Belisarius retakes Rome 76–77 ■ The crowning of Charlemagne 82–83 ■ The Investiture Contro ...

68 THE CITY WHICH HAD TAKEN THE WHOLE WORLD WAS ITSELF TAKEN THE SACK OF ROME (410 ce) I n 410 ce, Rome fell to an army of nomad ...

69 In Destruction (c.1935) by Thomas Cole, invaders overrun a once-great city often likened to Rome. Citizens’ bodies litter mon ...

70 THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION COLLAPSES c.1900–1700 bce The Indus Valley Civilization (c.3300–c.1700 bce) was based around la ...

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS 71 the 230s bce. In 218 bce, Hannibal, Carthage’s commander in Spain, took his army across the Alps to att ...

THE MEDI EVAL WORLD 50 0 –1492 US_072-073_Ch_3_Opener.indd 72 15/02/2016 16:40 THE MEDI EVAL WORLD 50 0 –1492 US_072-073_Ch_3_Op ...

THE MEDI EVAL WORLD 50 0 –1492 US_072-073_Ch_3_Opener.indd 73 15/02/2016 16:40 ...

74 H istorians call the period from 500 to 1500 “the Middle Ages,” seeing it as a separate era sandwiched between the ancient wo ...

75 From the 11th century, a revival of Western European culture, trade, and urban life gathered pace. The “Medieval Warm Period” ...

76 SEEK TO ENLARGE THE EMPIRE AND MAKE IT MORE GLORIOUS BELISARIUS RETAKES ROME (536 ce) O n December 9, 536 ce, the army of the ...

77 See also: The Battle of Milvian Bridge 66–67 ■ The Sack of Rome 68–69 ■ The fall of Jerusalem 106–07 ■ The Great Schism 132 ■ ...

78 A round 610 ce, in a cave in the hills above the town of Mecca, central Arabia, Muhammad—a 40-year-old man from a merchant fa ...