The Philosophy Book

59 Plato and Aristotle differed in their opinion of the nature of universal qualities. For Plato, they reside in the higher real ...

60 ARISTOTLE by which we come to know them (the latter being the fundamental quesion of “epistemology”, or the theory of knowled ...

THE ANCIENT WORLD 61 Does it fly? Does it havefeathers? Does it have scales? Yes Yes Yes No No No Aristotle’s classification of ...

62 ARISTOTLE whether it belongs to a certain category. For example, one of the characteristics common to all reptiles is that th ...

THE ANCIENT WORLD 63 There is nothing in the mind except was first in the senses. John Locke available until the 9th century CE, ...

64 DEATH IS NOTHING TO US EPICURUS (341–270 BCE) IN CONTEXT BRANCH Ethics APPROACH Epicureanism BEFORE Late 5th century BCE Socr ...

65 See: Democritus and Leucippus 45 ■ Socrates 46–49 ■ Plato 50–55 ■ Aristotle 56–63 ■ Jeremy Bentham 174 ■ John Stuart Mill 190 ...

66 See also: Socrates 46–49 ■ Plato 50–55 ■ Zeno of Citium 67 ■ St. Augustine of Hippo 72–73 ■ Friedrich Nietzsche 214–21 P lato ...

67 See also: Plato 50–55 ■ Aristotle 56–63 ■ Epicurus 64–65 ■ Diogenes of Sinope 66 T wo main schools of philosophical thought e ...

THE MED WORLD 250–1500 ...

IEVAL ...

70 P hilosophy did not play a large part in Roman culture, other than Stoicism, which was admired by the Romans for its emphasis ...

71 happily with their religions. In the lands that had been part of Alexander the Great’s empire, the Greek legacy commanded mor ...

72 GOD IS NOT THE PARENT OF EVILS ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354–430 CE) IN CONTEXT BRANCH Ethics APPROACH Christian Platonism BEFO ...

73 A world without evil, Augustine says, would be a world without us—rational beings able to choose their actions. Just as for A ...

74 GOD FORSEES OUR FREE THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS BOETHIUS (C.480–525 CE) IN CONTEXT BRANCH Epistemology APPROACH Christian Platonism ...

75 Lady Philosophy and Boethius discuss free will, determinism, and God’s vision of the eternal present in his influential book, ...

76 THE SOUL IS DISTINCT FROM THE BODY AVICENNA (980–1037) IN CONTEXT BRANCH Metaphysics APPROACH Arabic Aristotelianism BEFORE c ...

77 See also: Plato 50–55 ■ Aristotle 56–63 ■ Al-Kindî 332 ■ Al-Fârâbî 332 ■ Thomas Aquinas 88–95 ■ René Descartes 116–23 ■ Gilbe ...

78 AVICENNA Avicenna’s medical knowledge was so vast that it won him royal patronage. His Canon of Medicine influenced European ...