The Philosophy Book

159 The French Revolution, which began 11 years after Rousseau’s death, was inspired by his claim that it was unjust for the ric ...

160 MAN IS AN ANIMAL THAT MAKES BARGAINS ADAM SMITH (1723–1790) IN CONTEXT BRANCH Political philosophy APPROACH Classical econom ...

161 See also: David Hume 148–53 ■ Jean-Jacques Rousseau 154–59 ■ Edmund Burke 172–73 ■ Karl Marx 196–203 ■ Noam Chomsky 304–05 A ...

162 ADAM SMITH The market is the key to establishing an equitable society, in Smith’s view. With the freedom provided by the buy ...

163 within national boundaries, so it can flourish across them, leading to international trade—a phenomenon that was spreading a ...

THERE ARE TWO WORLDS: OUR BODIES AND THE EXTERNAL WORLD IMMANUEL KANT (1724–1804) ...

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166 went on to counter this sceptical point of view with an argument that claims to prove the existence of God, and therefore th ...

167 comes to us through our experience of the world. They opposed the views of rationalist philosophers, such as Descartes or Go ...

168 IMMANUEL KANT my concept of some type of thing (books) and my concept of a “thing” as such (substance). A concept such as su ...

THE AGE OF REVOLUTION 169 might say that we learn what space is by observing things in space; and we learn what substance is fro ...

170 IMMANUEL KANT The Flammarion woodcut depicts a man looking outside of space and time. For Kant, what is external to us is ex ...

THE AGE OF REVOLUTION 171 (using our skin, nerves, eyes, ears, and so on). This provides us with one way of understanding the di ...

172 SOCIETY IS INDEED A CONTRACT EDMUND BURKE (1729–1797) IN CONTEXT BRANCH Political philosophy APPROACH Conservatism BEFORE c. ...

173 Burke condemned the French Revolution for its wholesale rejection of the past. He believed that change should occur graduall ...

174 See also: Epicurus 64–65 ■ Thomas Hobbes 112–15 ■ David Hume 148–53 ■ John Stuart Mill 190–93 ■ Henry Sidgwick 336 J eremy B ...

175 See also: Plato 50–55 ■ Hypatia of Alexandria 331 ■ John Stuart Mill 190–93 ■ Simone de Beauvoir 276–77 ■ Luce Irigaray 320 ...

176 See also: René Descartes 116–23 ■ Benedictus Spinoza 126–29 ■ Immanuel Kant 164–71 ■ Martin Heidegger 252–55 ■ Isaiah Berlin ...

177 See also: Protagoras 42–43 ■ Aristotle 56–63 ■ René Descartes 116–23 ■ Georg Hegel 178–85 ■ Martin Heidegger 252–55 ■ Jacque ...

REALITY IS A HISTORICAL PROCESS GEORG HEGEL (1770 –1831) ...