Calendars in Antiquity. Empires, States, and Societies

this period, unpredictable intercalations on which information could take several months to be communicated to the more remote r ...

modified and with a Zoroastrian nomenclature, to Cappadocia, Armenia, as well as to some most unlikely regions deep into Central ...

period of Ptolemaic control.^84 This inscription only proves that the Egyptian calendar was known to whoever wrote it, but not t ...

that this must have been the calendar employed in Berenike for official, public purposes.^92 Cyprus Dated inscriptions in Cyprus ...

calendar, the 364-day calendar was distinctively abstract and schematic. This justifies the inclusion of this topic within the c ...

more inconsistently, the number of 364 days appears at the end of verse 74: 10, where 360 days are otherwise assumed. These inco ...

simple, pure form (as in 1 Enoch and Jubilees), but almost always brought in relation with other calendrical elements and scheme ...

groups representative of‘mainstream’Judaea (more on this below), but either way, Judaea was not renowned in Antiquity for knowle ...

predate it from its earliest known appearance, in the third-centuryBCEAstro- nomical Book of Enoch.^107 On the basis of this lat ...

to explain why intercalations (in the lunar calendar) must be made every three years; it certainly does not necessitate or imply ...

tradition, in which the 360-day year (in MUL.APIN and other sources) is strictly astronomical and intended only as a theoretical ...

To sustain this theory, it will be necessary to account for the differences between the Egyptian 365-day and the Judaean 364-day ...

In the context of Ptolemaic Judaea, the mechanism through which the Egyp- tian calendar may have exerted its influence would hav ...

It was also an intrinsically impractical calendar. Because its year-length was approximately one and a quarter days shorter than ...

Conclusion The Egyptian civil calendar spread in the eastern Mediterranean, during the Ptolemaic period, in a variety of ways. I ...

its Egyptian model by adding the four-yearly leap year; the solar accuracy which this produced was the Julian calendar’s most si ...

The Republican Roman calendar consisted of twelve months of fixed lengths of 28, 29, or 31 days, adding up to afixed, 355-day ye ...

and the solar year. Thus in 190BCEa solar eclipse was recorded on 11 Quintilis (July) of the Roman calendar, when we know it occ ...

the moon. According to many ancient authors, the Roman calendar in archaic times had been strictly lunar: thus, Romulus (the fou ...

If the Roman calendar was originally lunar, its conversion to the Republican calendar scheme, early in the history of Rome, need ...