Calendars in Antiquity. Empires, States, and Societies

calendar can be interpreted in one of two ways: either the Parthians inter- calated different months from the Babylonian calenda ...

time of December.^49 This contrasts with the Seleucid calendar, in which the Macedonian month of Dios (equivalent to the Babylon ...

In Asia Minor, it is more difficult to identify discrepancies of this kind, because most calendars had month-names that are unid ...

calendar in 37 and 66CEcould have been only fortuitous, since Judaea had little to do with Parthian Babylonia in this period, an ...

2 Maccabees, although written in Greek, insist on using only Babylonian month-names (transliterated into Greek); this usage, con ...

This may have been to ensure that the biblical seventh month, in which major festivals were celebrated, should always correspond ...

above, table 5.2). This would explain why the Parthian intercalary months, in coins and in inscriptions, were now called Gorpiai ...

month-names of the calendar of Antioch (itself equivalent, by then, to the Julian calendar) in accordance with the new equation, ...

out, this would not explain why the new equation became accepted—and indeed, explicitly formulated—outside the Parthian kingdom, ...

In short, the shift in the equation of Macedonian and Babylonian month- names was not the result of a single, centralized politi ...

perhaps also cultural integration of the eastern cities and provinces into the Roman Empire. But the adoption of the Julian cale ...

centuryCEinscription, recently discovered in Metropolis (Lydia) and palaeo- graphically dated to the reign of Tiberius, comprise ...

namely Gaza and Ascalon, or structurally similar to it, namely Arabia and Cappadocia. But although thehemerologiaare one of our ...

The process of adaptation to the Julian calendar was rapid in the Roman East, but not immediate. It seems generally not to have ...

first—I shall begin with the Alexandrian calendar because its origins are better documented and known. The Egyptian civil calend ...

calendar followed from the outset the structure of true Julian calendar, with leap years every four years.^84 This pushes the da ...

Table 5.4.The Egyptian calendar in the Augustan period (after Bennett 2003; 2007) Year Egyptian leap yearsa Roman leap yearsb 1 ...

reinstatement of the Julian calendar in what the Egyptians knew to be its authentic, accurate form. However, if the primary moti ...

whole of Egypt was the effective successor of the Ptolemaic kings, i.e. Augus- tus, as represented by the Roman prefect of Egypt ...

error was corrected by the emperor Augustus with leap years at four-year intervals (see Chapter 4. 3 and Table 5.4). It is not i ...