The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

waronthesideoftheTripleEntenteinMay 1915 ,asduetoitslongandvulner- ablecoastline,itcouldhavefaceditsownGallipoli.²¹¹TheGermanstr ...

ForhisGermanfellowofficers,hewasonlypostedtotheOttomanarmyin December 191 4becauseofoldsentimentalities.Hewasaccusedofsugarcoati ...

FromGallipolitoGalicia:thestaticwarfareexperience ThemostendangeredregionoftheOttomanEmpirewasthecapitalwithitsnear- byEastThrac ...

TheordnanceofOttomancoastaldefenseconsistedmainlyofoutdated heavyKruppgunsinopenpositionsandwashopelesslyoutgunnedbycontem- pora ...

TheOttomandefensewasreadywhentheFranco-Britishinvasionbeganon 24 April. ThebattlefortheÇanakkalepeninsulawasaprimeexampleofcombi ...

Horaczek,aprivate1stclassandacarpenterbyprofession.²³⁷Aftermorethan eightmonthsofminewarfareontheWesternfront,hevolunteeredforde ...

handgrenades,butalsothemaintenanceofone’sownpositionswasofimpor- tance:“[...][W]ealsohadtoshowtheTurkswheretomountbarbedwireobst ...

lightedtheneedtokeepsilentandregularlylistentoenemydiggingactivities,a reasonablesuggestionifwerecallAdolfHoraczek’scomplaints.² ...

theatersofwar.Backedbyleverednationalpride,EnverPasha,theOttoman commanderinchief,hadofferedtofostertheGermanandAustro-Hungarian ...

whatwehadexperiencedandlearnedinthisregardandgavetheorder‘tobuildthoseun- dergroundsheltersinnecessarynumberstoprotectthesoldier ...

fieldofartilleryreformwasputtothetestinGallipoliwheretheOttomanartil- lerycouldonlyprovideerraticfiresupportforitsowninfantry.Th ...

thoseconsiderationsonlydealtwiththepossibilitiesofenhancedreconnais- sanceabilitieswithintheinfantry.DuringthefirstyearofWorldWa ...

orderstressedthatonly“especiallywell,strong,agilepeople”²⁷⁴weretobepre- ferredforthatpurpose.Onthesegrounds,theOttomanheadquarte ...

StormtroopertrainingwasalsoconductedinGaliciaandPalestinebehindthe frontlines.InGalicia,theGermanswerealsoaccompaniedintheirtrai ...

Figure:LateOttomanStormtrooperona drawingfromaGermansource Figure:Turkishinfantrymanwithsawedoff GermanMhelmet,demonstrati ...

TheWatchattheBosphorus:GermanSoldiersinthe OttomanCapital InIstanbul,foradministrativeandtrainingpurposes(asinthecaseoftheafore- ...

dierswerenotusedtothelocalOttomangermsandbacteria,theMilitaryMis- sion’scommandtriedtoreducetheriskoffoodpoisoning.OnlysomeOttom ...

grapes.²⁹⁶Thehighpercentagealcoholwasinabundance,yetGermansoldiers werenotaccustomedtotheOttomanhabitofeatingcoldstartersfollowe ...

afterhisarrivalintheOttomanEmpire:“Inrealitytheyhadgivenmethe‘waste’ whichnoPrussianofficeratmyageandwithmyrankwouldeverhavevolu ...

LimanvonSanders.TheheadoftheGermanmilitarymissionclaimedthatAli İhsanhadnotproperlyfollowedthetacticalcoursesduringhistimeintheG ...