The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

Gerhard Grüßhaber The ‘German Spiritʼ in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908- ...

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Gerhard Grüßhaber The ‘German Spiritʼ in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908- A History of Military Knowledge Transfer ...

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Contents  Introduction (1908– 191 8)  ThePeakofKnowledgeTransferintheSecondConstitutionalPeriod TheCaseofHeinrichvonHoff(1916 ...

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1Introduction The‘GermanSpirit’ AtthebeginningofmyfirstvisittotheGallipolipeninsulainSeptember 2009 , themajorWorldWarOneOttoman ...

“[...]PrussiangeneralsrevolutionizetheOttomanpeoplethroughtheTurkisharmy,noton purpose-bynomeans!–asbearerandtransmitteroftheGer ...

sonsandideasbetweenculturesandatthecontactbetweencultures”.⁸There- ceivingpartypicksoutthefragmentsthatseemusefulandmergesthemwi ...

hecommentedonsendingyoungOttomancivilianandmilitarystudentstoEu- rope:“Theyremainonlyaslongasitisnecessarytotakeabrieflookatthec ...

tators,theiradversary’sarmyandleadershipsystemwasadvantageous.Thedis- ciplineoftheJanissarieswasseenassuperiortotheownmaraudingm ...

andself-representativepracticesincreased.²⁴Sincethebeginningofthe18thcen- tury,themusicdetachmentsofmostEuropeanarmiesappropriat ...

theOttomanstateanditsarmylayinFrance’spoliticalinterestagainsttheRus- sianexpansivepolicyattheOttomanperiphery.²⁷ CountdeBonneva ...

structionmanuals.³⁰TheestablishmentofanOttomanTurkishvocabularyfor theEuropeanworkswasamajortaskoftheseOttomantranslationaleffor ...

tary‘schools’intheOttomansetting.The 1846 conscriptionlawwithquotaper districtwasacombinationoftheFrenchlotdrawingrecruitmentand ...

andlatertheGermanEmpirewasanunsuspiciousmiddlepowerinthesensethat GermanyhadnoimperialinterestsintheMiddleEast.⁴⁰Afterthedefeati ...

statedthat“thename‘GoltzPaşa’had[...]boundandcharmed[him].”⁴⁵During hislecturesatthewaracademyinIstanbul,GoltzintroducedtheOttom ...

mainedinhighpositionsuntiltheputschof 1960 -theendofthe‘Germanshort century’.⁴⁹ Quodnonestinactis:TheSourcesandtheMemoirProblem ...

Thisshouldnotserveasanexcusebutanincentivetoevaluatethosesour- cescarefully,bearinginmindtheconditionsunderwhichtheywerewritten. ...

ship,oneneedstoassumeaconsiderableamountofself-censorship.Soitisno surprisethatGermanveteranswhowerefamiliarwiththeincidentsandt ...