The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

themilitarygainedinfluenceontheOttomancivilgovernment.Inthesameyear, asanewcivilianinitiativetheTurkishPowerAssociation(TürkGüçD ...

InhisworkSelimSırrıappliedthe‘nationinarms’conceptbyColmarvon derGoltz.⁶¹However,theambitiousOttomansportsfunctionaryhadstudied ...

JungdeutschlandintheOttomanLands:HeinrichvonHoff, 1916 – 1917 HeinrichvonHoffhadservedoneyearasabattalioncommanderontheWestern f ...

withtheorganizationoftheWürttembergJugendwehr,whowoulddedicatehim- selftothesamedeedsinTurkey.”⁷¹ TheWürttembergrepresentativewa ...

onthefirstpagesofeveryissue.TheGermanexpertcontinuouslyurgedforthe creationofastronggeneration.Bypreparingyouthformilitaryservic ...

theGermanexampleoftheBJDandexpressedthat“wehopeourloyalallies wouldimitatethegoodthingsthattheyhadobservedonus.”⁸⁰Forthispurpose ...

forpropagandapurposes.⁸⁴Thecoverageofvolunteers,alsowithintheOGD,was oftenexaggerated.⁸⁵Tofurthersupportpropagandaefforts,Hoffal ...

manlandsasinGermanyamongboysandyoungmenalike.⁹¹Itshouldalsobe notedthatthecultofthereligiouslychargedmartyrdomandthepromisedoth- ...

triedtopreparethisinformationinthesummerof1 91 7.Nonetheless,theunreli- abilityofthosenumbersremainedaweakpointuntiltheendoftheO ...

“[...][T]hecreationofatypeofBoyScoutgroupshadbeenwithoutrelevancefortheexten- sivetaskofthecommonstrengtheningoftheyouth.Unfortu ...

wereorderedtospeakTurkishonly,andinJune 191 4Armenianboyswereex- cludedfrommembership.Itthereforedidn’tcomeasasurprisethatlatero ...

senseofcommunity”¹⁰⁸withintheOGDgroups.TheOGDwerefoundedafterthe persecutionandexpulsionoftheArmenianpopulationandatatimewhenten ...

nekleri.[...]Ifonebelievestoknowbetter,thenoneshouldnothaveletmecomefromGer- many.”¹¹³ AtthistimetheheadoftheGerman-Ottomanproje ...

AfterthedeathofhismentorGoltzinApril 1916 ,Hofflostastrongsupporter ofhisideas.¹¹⁸Hoffalsosufferedfromregularfeverattacks,sinceh ...

EventhoughtheOGDcontinuedtoexist,theorganizationnearlyceasedto haveanyrelevanceafterthearmisticeinlate1918.Theactivitiesoftheass ...

Jungdeutschlandreloaded?CarlDieminTurkey,1933/1937 HeinrichvonHoffwasnottheonlyGermanyouthinstructorwhoworkedinAna- toliaduringt ...

CarlDiemwasbornin 1882 inWürzburg.In 188 7thefamilymovedtoBerlin duetoeconomicalreasons.SelimSırrıʼsfamilyalsohadtoleavetheirhom ...

totriggerjobamongthedetestedmasses.¹³⁸Byorganizingamarchwithback- packs,Diemandhisfriendscouldpersuadethearmyleadershipthatsoldi ...

Diemalsocametotheconclusionthatthe‘nationinarms’wouldbeaproper solutiontothechallengesfacedbytheirnations.¹⁴⁴ AccordingtoBecker, ...

inthemilitarizationofyouth.Duringthe 1912 OlympicGamesinSweden¹⁵²,Carl Diemwashighlyimpressed,especiallybytheSwedishstatefunding ...