The Eurasian Triangle. Russia, the Caucasus and Japan, 1904-1945

74 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 on 31 October 1914 declared war on the Sublime Porte.²Compared with the European ...

World War I Ë 75 were, however, used in the west against Europeans and not in the south against the Ottomans. Meanwhile, the Cen ...

76 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Fig. 4.1.Mikheil (Mikhako) Tsereteli, Istanbul, 1915. Many Georgians also organi ...

World War I Ë 77 Caucasus would make it impossible for Russia to continue this war, prompting it to conclude peace with the Cent ...

78 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Japan and Russia concluded an alliance and adhered to the London Declaration of ...

Revolution Ë 79 in Georgia because their sympathies favored the Turks. In the Chorokhi (Çoruh) river valley, some forty-six thou ...

80 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 they had come across miles of mountain tracks out of curiosity to conrm the rum ...

Revolution Ë 81 selidze, and Peter Surguladze, that the Georgians aspired for “indépendence com- plète.” Germany nanced their p ...

82 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Steppes).³⁸The leaders of the Georgian National Democrats understood the cardina ...

Revolution Ë 83 Fig. 4.2.Members of the Georgian diplomatic delegation in Berlin, 1918. Standing from left: Spiridon Kedia, Gior ...

84 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Fig. 4.3.Noe Ramishvili (left, minister of internal aairs), and Noe Zhordania ( ...

Revolution Ë 85 Fig. 4.4.The delegation of Union of the United Mountaineers in Istanbul, 1918. clared independence from the newl ...

86 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 idea of creating a unied Caucasian state as the only viable option, it also acc ...

Reconquest Ë 87 the Republic’s independence.⁵³Although the Allied countries, including Japan, sup- ported the Republic with “Pla ...

88 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Territorial issues also contributed to discord among the new republics. As one o ...

Reconquest Ë 89 entity in the Caucasus,” which was “imperative in view of all the strategic, economic and political consideratio ...

90 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Fig. 4.5.The Constituent Assembly of Georgia, Tiflis, 1920. Now with British ins ...

Reconquest Ë 91 the Mountaineer Republic, riven by internal strife, was overrun by Denikin’s Volun- teer Army. Those who claimed ...

92 Ë War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Georgia. Yet Paris adhered to the idea of a Federative Russia in which the Cauca ...

Reconquest Ë 93 mands and complaints did not help their cause,⁸²and in the end Armenia was not recognized, nor was any mandate i ...