A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Burgundofara, who had never married, drew up a will giving to her monastery the land, slaves, vineyards, pastures, and forests t ...

landowners, with slaves and dependent peasants working for them; others were independent peasants of modest means. While some Je ...

Above all, the king let them preach. This was key: Augustine had in mind more than the conversion of a king: he wanted to set up ...

Plate 2.4: Belt Buckle from Sutton Hoo (early 7th cent.). Beginning in 1939 and continuing through the 1980s, archaeologists exc ...

The books that Benedict Biscop (and others like him) imported from Rome contained not only new texts but also illustrations that ...

Plate 2.5: Saint Luke, Lindisfarne Gospels (1st third of 8th cent.?). Inspired by Late Roman traditions, the artist—who was also ...

Plate 2.6: Carpet Page, Lindisfarne Gospels (1st third of 8th cent.?). Anglo-Saxon and Celtic artistic ornamental traditions lie ...

Plate 2.7: First Text Page, Gospel of Saint Luke, Lindisfarne Gospels (1st third of 8th cent.?). The third page in the Luke Gosp ...

The amalgamation of traditions in England is perhaps most clearly illustrated by the so-called Franks Casket, probably made in N ...

Plate 2.8: Franks Casket (1st half of 8th cent.). Made up of panels of carved whalebone, the Franks Casket combines not only var ...

The South: Spain and Italy It is just possible that the exemplar for the Franks Casket came from Spain, which boasted an equally ...

Unlike the Merovingians, however, the Visigothic kings were not able to establish a stable dynasty. The minority of a king’s son ...

setting up one, Pavia, as their capital. Recalling emperors like Constantine and Justinian, the kings built churches and monaste ...

officer was reduced to cowering under the pope’s bed. Clearly Constantinople’s influence and authority over Rome had become tenu ...

622 Hijra; Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina 624 Battle of Badr 633 Beginning of Islamic conquests outside of Arabia 661 ...

Notes 1 The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon, in Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, e ...

18 The image of the “radiant throne” is from Eugenius of Toledo, quoted in Geneviève Bührer-Thierry, “‘Just Anger’ or ‘Vengeful ...

Further Reading Brown, Warren, Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes, and Adam Kosto, eds. Documentary Culture and the Laity in the E ...

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Three Creating New Identities (c.750–c.900) IN THE SECOND HALF of the eighth century the periodic outbreaks of the Plague of Jus ...