A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

306 Ch. 8 • The New Philosophy Of Science By the end of the seventeenth century, the ideas of Descartes had over­ come Calvinist ...

The Culture of Science 307 and those who rejected them in the name of preserving what they considered Russia’s uniqueness as th ...

308 Ch. 8 • The Nlw Philosophy Of Science Science and Religion As scientific discoveries led more people to doubt religious auth ...

The Culture of Science 309 Catholic universities continued to be the most traditional. Following Descartes’s death in 1650, the ...

310 Ch. 8 • The New Philosophy Of Science Astronomers using a telescope at the Royal Observatory of London. at Greenwich in 1675 ...

Consequences of the Scientific Revolution 311 God’s creation of the universe, the idea that mankind might one day mas­ ter natur ...

ENLIGHTENED THOUGHT AND THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS “What is the Enlightenment?” wrote the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. His res ...

Enlightened Ideas 313 influence of the Scientific Revolution; the second, the “high Enlighten­ ment,” begins with the publicatio ...

314 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic: Of Letters Intellectual Influences on Enlightened Thought Like all intellectua ...

Enlightened Ideas 315 inherited abilities and rejected the idea that humanity is stained by origi­ nal sin, a view held by the C ...

316 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters distinguished mankind from other animals. Many philosophes, reflecti ...

Enlightened Ideas^317 Voltaire presiding (with his arm raised) over a dinner gathering of philosophies, including Denis Diderot, ...

318 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters drawn from a more inexhaustible source, the vanity of his subjects. ...

Enlightened Ideas 319 Voltaire Brilliant, witty, and sarcastic, Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778) was the most widely ...

320 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters occur? But Voltaire nonetheless believed that religion was beneficia ...

Enlightened Ideas^321 things, as Diderot put it, are equally subject to criticism. By elevating mankind to the cen­ ter of human ...

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Enlightened Ideas 323 traveled beyond the country, its pattern of distribution in the 1770s and 1780s reflected the success of t ...

324 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Exiled by the Parlement of Paris because his writings offended monar ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 325 Although The Social Contract remained largely unknown until after the Frenc ...