A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

326 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters intensity. The established churches still retained formidable author ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 327 sity of Oxford, the brooding Wesley began to believe that his mission was t ...

328 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic. Of Letters potential audience of the philosophes. By the end of the century, p ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 329 The library of the University of Leyden in the Netherlands, 1610. While som ...

330 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters believed that classical rules preserved from antiquity had to be fol ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 331 Although Greek mythology and religious themes remained popular, eighteenth- ...

332 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic: Oi Letters kapellmeister (orchestra director) for the fabulously wealthy Ester ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 333 musician of an unpleasant archbishop. Mozart wrote church music and light m ...

334 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters An actor reading from a work of Voltaire at the salon of Madame Geof ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 335 philosophy for a more general audience. Thus the academies contributed to t ...

336 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Philosophic Thoughts as an attack on religion. In the face of a spat ...

Enlightened Absolutism 337 Beccaria opposed torture to extract confessions or render punishment. Barbarous punishment, instead o ...

338 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Chapter 11), and could not vote or be elected to the House of Common ...

Enlightened Absolutism 339 Jesuits being expelled from Spain, 1764. Portugal in 1759. Ten years later, Pombal ended the Inquisit ...

340 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Catholics—although they still could not hold public office. Nonethel ...

Enlightened Absolutism 341 Frederick the Great playing the flute at Sans Souci. claimed somewhat disingenuously that he was noth ...

342 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Prussian law reinforced the distinction between noble and commoner. ...

Currents of the Late Enlightenment 343 tary service. Peasants, though legally free, remained indebted to their lords. Thus, “enl ...

344 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Enlightened Thought and Economic Freedom The philosophes’ quest to d ...

Currents of the Late Enlightenment 345 flew in the face of contemporary economic thought, which held closely to regulated monopo ...