Introduction to Cosmology

Single Field Models 241 calledkinationordeflation. Equation (11.7) then dictates that the equation of state is 푤휑= 휑̇^2 + 2 푉(휑) ...

242 Dark Energy V T^4 reh Vend 4/3 2 inflation kination HBB ρkin ργ φend φ* φF ρ In ρ –√2/3 λ φ ≡ √3/2 φ/mp Figure 11.3Schemat ...

Single Field Models 243 We saw in Equation (5.33) that radiation energy density evolves as푎−^4 —faster than matter energy densit ...

244 Dark Energy 푤휑≈−1 and dynamical quintessence with푤휑>−1. This means that the slow-roll approximation is not necessarily ap ...

Single Field Models 245 Solving the equations one finds that the solution is tracking, just like quintessence. It is also quite ...

246 Dark Energy Chaplygin Gas. Another simple and well-studied model of dark energy introduces into푇휇휈the density휌휑and pressure푝 ...

풇(푹)Models 247 enough dimension in energy units, the counterterms required to cancel all divergences proliferate to infinite num ...

248 Dark Energy universe푓RR>0for푅≫푓RR. Further requirements are 1+푓푅>0forallfinite푅(this prevents the graviton from becomi ...

Extra Dimensions 249 expansion which is of recent date (푧≈ 0 .7or푎≈ 0 .6),푟푐퐻 0 must be of the order of unity. In theself-decele ...

250 Dark Energy Because of the similarities in the asymptotic properties of the two-parametric DGP model and the two-parametric ...

Extra Dimensions 251 genuine alternative to the cosmological constant model because it does not reduce to it in any limit of the ...

252 Dark Energy The푇 00 component of Einstein’s equations gives the Friedmann–Lemaˆıtre equation in the LTB metric [Equation (11 ...

Extra Dimensions 253 References [1] Riess,A.G.et al. 1998 Astronom. J. 116 , 1009. [2] Perlmutter, S.et al. 1998 Nature 391 , 51 ...

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12 Epilogue We have now covered most of cosmology briefly, starting from the theoretical scenar- ios in Figure 5.1 and arriving ...

256 Epilogue 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Redshift z 0.5 0 0.5 1 Δ (m M ) always accelerates accelerates now decelerates in the past always ...

Tables Table A.1 Cosmic distances and dimensions Distance to the Sun 8 ′ 15 ′′(light minutes) Distance to the nearest star (훼Cen ...

258 Tables Table A.2 Cosmological and astrophysical constants (from the Particle Data Group compilation [1]) Unit Symbol Value S ...

Tables 259 Table A.5 Particle degrees of freedom in the ultrarelativistic limit Particle Particle type 푛spin 푛anti 푔 훾 Vector bo ...

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