Introduction to Cosmology

Black Holes 101 information contained in the book is lost forever. This is a paradox because quantum theory states that the info ...

102 Cosmological Models B 1 B 2 Infalling stars B 3 Figure 5.4The merging of two black holes with event horizons퐵 1 and퐵 2 , res ...

Black Holes 103 Black Hole Creation. Primordial black holes may have been created in the early universe by initial homogeneities ...

104 Cosmological Models toward the future steepen. When the star has shrunk to the size of the Schwartzschild radius, the equato ...

Black Holes 105 0.175 0.15 0.125 0.1 0.075 0.05 0.025 0 0.05 0.025 –0.025 2001 2005 1992 2010 1995 2002 SgrA* RA-offset (arcsec) ...

106 Cosmological Models The accretion disks of black holes are typically truncated near the innermost circular orbit of matter, ...

Extended Gravity Models 107 where훹represents some matter fields. Many proposals have been made to general- ize this action. Supp ...

108 Cosmological Models and훤휎휈휇gives a system of second-order differential equations. This will of course give rise to somewhat ...

Extended Gravity Models 109 References [1] Rich, J. 2001Fundamentals of cosmology.Springer. [2] Solà, J. 2001Nucl. Phys. B, 95 , ...

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6 Thermal History of the Universe This history should start at the Big Bang which we defined in the previous chapter as time zer ...

112 Thermal History of the Universe 6.1 Planck Time Recall that in quantum mechanics it is always possible to associate the mass ...

The Primordial Hot Plasma 113 space-time which may be passing through regions of different vacua. In the simple model of symmetr ...

114 Thermal History of the Universe Particle Physics Symmetries. Above퐸≈ 1015 GeV the Universe was filled with aplasmaofaGrand U ...

The Primordial Hot Plasma 115 condensing into lepton and quark bound states. The forces binding them are in some models calledte ...

116 Thermal History of the Universe [Equation (5.24)], also called thefirst law of thermodynamics, followed by assuming that mat ...

The Primordial Hot Plasma 117 adiabatically is certainly very good during the radiation-dominated era when the fluid was compose ...

118 Thermal History of the Universe The present radiation energy density is predominantly in the form of microwaves and infrared ...

The Primordial Hot Plasma 119 Note that푇mis not the temperature of matter in thermal equilibrium, but rather a bookkeeping devic ...

120 Thermal History of the Universe The±sign is ‘−’ for bosons and ‘+’ for fermions, and the name for these distributions are th ...