Introduction to Cosmology

1 From Newton to Hubble The history of ideas on the structure and origin of the Universe shows that humankind has always put its ...

2 From Newton to Hubble A classic problem is why the night sky is dark and not blazing like the disc of the Sun, as simple theor ...

Historical Cosmology 3 information which remains true also on a global scale. Clearly, matter introduces lumpiness which grossly ...

4 From Newton to Hubble incandescent gas. This implied that the Universe could be homogeneous on the scale of galactic distances ...

Historical Cosmology 5 Galactic and Extragalactic Astronomy. Newton should also be credited with the invention of the reflecting ...

6 From Newton to Hubble motion’ was to be understood as motion relative to the whole Universe. Although Mach clearly realized th ...

Inertial Frames and the Cosmological Principle 7 Accelerated or rotating frames are not inertial frames. Newton considered that ...

8 From Newton to Hubble But in order to preserve uniformity, distant ones must recede faster, in fact their recession velocities ...

Olbers’ Paradox 9 of the Sun. Obviously, at least one of the above assumptions about the Universe must be wrong. The question of ...

10 From Newton to Hubble volume element,Anhas the dimensions of number of stars per linear distance. The inverse of this, 퓁= 1 ∕ ...

Hubble’s Law 11 If푢⊙is the average radiation density at the surface of the stars, then the radiation density푢 0 measured by us i ...

12 From Newton to Hubble The Expanding Universe. The expectation for a stationary universe was that galax- ies would be found to ...

Hubble’s Law 13 Or, to put it a different way, according to Hubble’s nonrelativistic law, objects at this distance would be expe ...

14 From Newton to Hubble and far out. Distances are precisely measured only to nearby stars which participate in the general rot ...

The Age of the Universe 15 lifetime comes from astronomical observations of many types of extragalactic objects at high redshift ...

16 From Newton to Hubble The globular clusters (GCs) are roughly spherically distributed stellar systems in the spheroid of the ...

Matter in the Universe 17 absorption. However, there are other kinds of matter than these examples, and there is radiation at ot ...

18 From Newton to Hubble Supernovae and Neutron Stars. Occasionally, a very brightsupernovaexplosion can be seen in some galaxy. ...

Expansion in a Newtonian World 19 The composition of neutron stars is not known. The density of their cores is a few times that ...

20 From Newton to Hubble In a universe expanding linearly according to Hubble’s law [Equation (1.12)], the kinetic energy푇of the ...