Peter Singer-Animal Liberation

Soinreadingthefollowingpagesbearinmindthattheyare drawnfromsourcesfavorabletotheexperimenters;andifthe resultsoftheexperimentsdo ...

Oneofthemostcommonwaysofexperimentinginthefield ofpsychologyistoapplyelectricshockstoanimals.Thismay be done withthe aimof findi ...

experimentersthengoontocite workdonein 1933,1935, and other years up to 1985.^30 Thefollowingexperimentissimplyanattempttoshowth ...

werethenfittedwithmetalcollarsaroundtheirnecks,through which they were given electric shocks each time they received afoodpellet ...

After subjecting their rats to various intensitiesof electric shock,sometimesallowingthemthepossibilityofescapeand sometimesnot, ...

shocktothedog’sfeet.Theysaidthatasthedogjumpedhe gavea“sharpanticipatoryyipwhichturnedintoayelpwhen he landed on the electrified ...

Seligmanalteredthispatternbystrappingdogsinharnesses andgivingthemshocksfrom whichtheyhad nomeansof escape. When the dogs were t ...

reportedthatthe“implicationsofthesefindingsforlearned helplessness theory are not entirely clear” and that “a substantial number ...

yearsofanimalexperimentationhavebeenawasteoftime andofsubstantialamountsoftaxpayers’money,quiteapart from theimmenseamountof acu ...

floor. Pairs of rats were given electric shocks until they learnedtofightbystrikingoutattheotherratwhilefacing each other in an ...

This report, published in 1986, cited earlier experimental work in this field going back to 1948. AttheUniversityofKansas,aunitc ...

Wehavelookedatonlyaverysmallnumberofpsychology experiments that involve electric shock. According to the Office of Technology As ...

rack” and the jocular tone in which they report on the “favoritetricks”ofthefemalemonkeysbornasaresultofits use. Detachmentismad ...

psychologist working in thefield of “animal behavior” is anthropomorphism.Yetifhedidnotbelieveintheanalogue of the human being a ...

Perhapsnotmanypsychologistswouldnowproudlystatethat their work has nothing to do with the human mind. Neverthelessmanyoftheexper ...

polishes.Should thousandsofanimalssuffersothata new kindoflipstickorfloorwaxcanbeputonthemarket?Don’t wealreadyhaveanexcessofmos ...

ThemostwidelyknownacutetoxicitytestistheLD50.LD50 stands for “lethal dose 50 percent”: the amount of the substance thatwillkillh ...

theapplicationisrepeated.Therabbitsareobserveddailyfor eyeswelling,ulceration,infection,andbleeding.Thestudies canlastup tothree ...

scratchattheirirritatedbodies.Theskinmaybleed,blister, andpeel.Immersionstudies,inwhichanimalsareplacedin vats ofdiluted substan ...

abdomen—andthroughthenoseandmouth,andontheskin. AlleighttestsweretodetermineLD50values.Deathusually occurredbetweennineandeighte ...