MCAT Organic Chemistry Review 2018-2019

F– > Cl– > Br– > I– This is because there are no protons to get in the way of the attacking nucleoph ...

Figure 4.4. Comparisons of Electrophilicity The carboxylic acid derivatives are often ranked by electrophilicity. Anh ...

Just like acid–base reactions, nucleophilic attack will only occur if the reactants are more reactive ...

Because SN1 reactions pass through a planar intermediate before the nucleophile attacks, the product will usua ...

Before you move on, assess your understanding of the material with these questions. How do the definitions o ...

What are some features of good leaving groups? ...

4.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions LEARNING GOALS After Chapter 4.3, you will be able to: Recall common oxidizing ...

hydrogen). Reduction refers to a decrease in oxidation state, or a gain in electrons. In organic chemistr ...

A number of oxidation reactions and the relevant oxidizing agents are shown in Figure 4.7. Note that the ...

using LiAlH 4 . This same reducing agent will reduce carboxylic acids to primary alcohols and esters ...

Note that many of the common oxidizing and reducing agents include transition metals. This is because tran ...

List the following carbon-containing compounds from most oxidized carbon to most reduced: methane, car ...

4.4 Chemoselectivity LEARNING GOALS After Chapter 4.4, you will be able to: Describe the types of compounds ...

KEY CONCEPT The more oxidized the functional group, the more reactive it is in both nucleophile– electrophil ...

molecules and the prevention of the formation of alternative products. Effectively, bulky groups make it impos ...

Don’t worry if this seems overwhelming—this is just a preview of what we will see in later chapters ...

4.5 Steps to Problem Solving LEARNING GOALS After Chapter 4.5, you will be able to: List the six steps for ...

groups that act as good nucleophiles, electrophiles, or leaving groups? This step will help define a ca ...

different products often possess different traits which affect their relative stability. If there is more ...

Let’s see what we came up with. The first intermediate will have a protective diether at the ketone c ...