Sustainable Agriculture and Food: Four volume set (Earthscan Reference Collections)

Farm Costs and Food Miles 377 water). Demand-based methods using willingness to pay (or be compensated) have tended to be used i ...

378 Localized Food Systems 2001; IFOAM, 2000). Organic agriculture is a defined and certified system of agricultural production ...

Farm Costs and Food Miles 379 The basis for the allocations of each of the categories of negative externalities to the 12 crop a ...

380 Localized Food Systems 18 Some 75 per cent of the costs to consumers from outbreaks are assumed to arise after the farm gate ...

Farm Costs and Food Miles 381 2003–2004 UK price; and the 0.42p kg–1 external cost for potatoes is 3.0 per cent of the average 2 ...

Table 17.3 Components of UK weekly food basket and expenditure per person, plus price of each component including externalities ...

Table 17.3 (continued) Components of food basket Consumption (home + eating out) g person –1 wk –1 Expenditure (p person –1 wk – ...

384 Localized Food Systems Here we make an adjustment to account for externalities only incurred in the UK to reflect environmen ...

Farm Costs and Food Miles 385 food basket already costs more than conventional food. Retail price data on each food product (Ham ...

386 Localized Food Systems vkm by 41 per cent to 22.2 billion. Agrifood products (food, drink, tobacco, fer- tilizer) now accoun ...

Farm Costs and Food Miles 387 total of 0.97bn t-km and an external cost of £4.46 M yr–1. If all airfreight travels in dedicated ...

388 Localized Food Systems The Issue of Subsidies Subsidies can be seen to be part of the full cost of food, as they are payment ...

Farm Costs and Food Miles 389 health is costly, but clearly not a direct consequence of types of agricultural sys- tems. Another ...

Table 17.6 Avoided costs under different scenarios for adoption of organic farming, localized food systems and more sustainable ...

Notes : 1 All of food basket sourced from within 20km of retail outlet.2 80% of food travels by rail (with zero congestion costs ...

392 Localized Food Systems purposes (as can eventually be expected following the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy), and ...

Farm Costs and Food Miles 393 organic and £6.59 wk–1 if conventional (Table 17.6). Some £1276 M of costs would be avoided if all ...

394 Localized Food Systems of sustainability, as a long journey on water has a lower impact than a shorter one by road. At the s ...

Farm Costs and Food Miles 395 Defra. 2003. Organic Statistics July 2003. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, York ...

396 Localized Food Systems Marsden T, Banks J and Bristow G. 2000. Food supply chain approaches: Exploring their role in rural d ...