A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

schoolchildren and youths gathered together. The police fired on them to disperse them, killing twenty-five and wounding many mo ...

black majority had gained power, but most were resigned to it. The task, as they saw it, was to make the best of it, to entrench ...

safeguarded against a black majority? The difficult task of reaching political settlement had to address these concerns and othe ...

National Congress were able to convince the white leadership that they sought not revenge for the decades of oppression they had ...

of the century – began its sessions under the chairmanship of Archbishop Desmond Tutu in April 1996. Its mission was to exorcise ...

In Angola the three independence movements the National Liberation Front (FNLA), the National Union for Independence (UNITA) an ...

moderation: members of other parties were included in the administration, and the 70,000 whites were not dispossessed. Moreover, ...

ment – this was true of Zimbabwe. In South Africa the fighting between the Inkatha Zulu- based black movement and the ANC was ju ...

struggles for independence, Africa faced as great a challenge again to alleviate the consequences of civil wars, to prevent new ...

1 Part XVI THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET BLOC AFTER 1963: THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION ...

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During the Brezhnev years, the Soviet Union’s relationship with the outside world began to change significantly. The Kremlin now ...

principle that there could be discussion within the party but that there could be no anti-party: only one party was allowed. The ...

Communist Party was losing its grip. It is likely that the alarmed Kremlin signalled the need for a Polish (rather than Soviet) ...

Apart from Afghanistan, the Soviet Union’s policy in Asia was cautious. It supplied only limited help to the North in the Vietna ...

Central to Soviet foreign policy was detente with the US, which in the 1970s and 1980s could by itself enhance overall security ...

superpower with economic feet of clay, an empire of nationalities held together by force. Not until well after Brezhnev’s death ...

refrigerator, and the Ministry of Aviation manu- factured an excellent vacuum cleaner. The army had backed the overthrow of Khru ...

Agricultural production, though higher, could not keep pace with what was required. Increased use of fertilisers, higher payment ...

certain, especially as it was almost impossible to live strictly within it. The possession of a car, for instance, necessitated ...