Medical Microbiology

ImmunologicalMemory............................................ Immunologicalmemoryisusuallydefinedbyanearlierandbetterimmune re ...

ornoprotection.Instead,immunologicalprotectionrequiresantigen-depen- dentactivationofBandTcells,whichthenproduceantibodiescontin ...

Thereisnosurfacemarkerwhichcanunequivocallydifferentiatebetween memoryTandBcellsand“naive”(neverbeforeactivated)cells.Instead,im ...

WhyisImmunologicalMemoryNecessary? Ahostwhichdoesnotsurviveaninitialinfectionobviouslydoesnotrequirefurther immunologicalmemory. ...

T-CellMemory.............................................. AswithBcellsandantibodies,enhanceddefensesagainstintracellularpatho- ...

(dermal)hypersensitivity(DTH,seebelowandp. 11 4f.)canbeapplieddiag- nosticallytodetermineinfectionimmunity(forexampleagainsttube ...

andtumorsismorelikelytobemediatedviaperforinsandcytolysis.How- ever,cytotoxicimmuneresponsescanalsocausedisease,especiallyduring ...

&IgE-mediateddefenseisimportant,alongwithIgA,inenhancingtheeli- minationofgastrointestinal,pulmonary,anddermalparasites.Alth ...

&Avoidancestrategies.Infectiousagentshavedevelopedavarietyofstra- tegiesbywhichtheycansometimessucceedincircumventingorescap ...

Continued:AvoidanceMechanismsofPathogens(withexamples) Influenceonlymphocytesandimmunosuppression. &Directdestructionoflymph ...

104 2 BasicPrinciplesofImmunology Table2. 9 BalancebetweenInfectionandHostImmunity:EffectontheDisease Infectious agent Cytopatho ...

host,itisparadoxicallytheimmuneresponsethatisresponsibleforpathol- ogyandillnessduetoitsabilitytodestroyinfectedhosttissue. Hepa ...

ImmunopathologicalDamageandAIDS CoulditbethatimmunopathologicaldamageresultingfromTcellimmunere- sponsesplayaroleinAIDS? Thegene ...

useofinactivatedvaccinesagainsttherespiratorysyncytialvirus(RSV)inthe sixties,andexperiencewithcertainso-calledsubunitvaccinesan ...

&Congenitaloracquiredimmunodeficiency—whethercausedbyanti-lym- phocyticsera,cytostaticdrugs,gammairradiation,UVirradiation,o ...

andmastcellshaveahalf-lifeofseveralmonthsandwhenboundbythespe- cificallergenmediatecellulardegranulationandthereleaseofbiogenic ...

orgranulocyticdigestiveenzymes.Themostimportantdiseasesresulting fromcytotoxichumoralimmuneresponsesarelistedinTable2. 11. Autoa ...

tumors).However,ingeneralthedetectionofautoantibodiesdoesnotne- cessarilycorrelatewithevidenceofpathologicalchangesorprocesses.I ...

taininglargenumbersofepitopessimilartotheAandBepitopes.Duringthe firstmonthsoflife,peoplewithbloodgroupO(homozygousfortheOallele ...

witherythrocytesfromtheprospectiverecipient.Toensurenoreaction followingtransfusion,thereshouldbenoagglutinationpresentineither ...