Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

As defined above, a rate of reaction can be expressed in the change in amount of reactant per some amount of time. Expressed mat ...

It is common to express the rate of a reaction in terms of the absolute change in the amount of one species, then scale the othe ...

equation 20.7 is written,mis called the order with respect to A,and nis the or- der with respect to B,and so on, if other terms ...

Since 0.25 is 4 ^1 and 0.50 is ^12 , it is seen by inspection that the exponent nequals (You should verify this.) Using the ...

A first-order reactionis one whose kinetics follow a rate law where the order is 1; that is,  d[ d A t ] k[A]^1 (20.11) All ...

Example 20.3 One example of a first-order reaction is the isomerization of hydrogen iso- cyanide to hydrogen cyanide: HNC (g) → ...

concentration unit.*) Therefore, a plot of ln[A]t—the natural logarithm of the amount of A at various times—versus the time will ...

should look if 1/[A]twere plotted on the y-axis and time were plotted on the x-axis. Once again, the appearance of a straight li ...

The units L/mol cancel with the M unit in the denominator of the right side; solving for t: t65,100 s which is over 18 hours. b ...

line, as shown in Figure 20.4. Also, we can integrate equation 20.23 to get the integrated zeroth-order rate law [A] 0 [A]tkt ...

We can combine the two constants on the right side of the equation into a sin- gle variable, labeled k : rate k [A]m The consta ...

In performing an experiment, exact whole-number ratios are difficult to guarantee, so calculations with logarithms are common. E ...

time scale considered, neither plot makes a good case for a particular order of kinetics. A good experimenter exploring the kine ...

order with respect to its reactant, and that the initial amount of reactant A is given by [A] 0 while [B] 0 0. The rate of chan ...

some connection, then. The connection is simple. We define an equilibrium constant Kfor this simple reaction as the quotient of ...

 d[ d A t ] k 1 [A]tk 2 [A]t(k 1 k 2 ) [A]t (20.37) Because equation 20.37 has only one variable (the concentration of A ...

Equations 20.41 and 20.42 may look a bit complicated, but the ratio of [B]t and [C]thas a very simple expression:  [ [ C B] ] t ...

cally controlled.However, over long time intervals, the ultimate ratio of prod- ucts will depend on the individual equilibrium c ...

The rate of change in concentrations of A and C should appear reasonable from inspection of the sequential reaction. The rate of ...

Example 20.7 Kinetics of consecutive reactions are easily applicable to nuclear decay processes, in which a parent isotope produ ...