Dictionary of Chemistry [6th Ed.]

proximity of the component atoms, ions, or molecules and the strength of the forces between them. True solids are crystalline (s ...

lattice. It occurs only with polar sol- vents. Solvation in which the solvent is water is called hydration. Solvay process (ammo ...

hydrogen. Sorbitol is used as a sweet- ener (in diabetic foods) and in the manufacture of vitamin C and vari- ous cosmetics, foo ...

497 spectrum s spectrophotometer See spectrom- eter. spectroscope An optical instru- ment that produces a *spectrum for visual o ...

is the characteristic range of radia- tions it emits when it is heated, bom- barded by electron or ions, or absorbs photons. The ...

spin of the particles lines up at an angle to the direction of theÜeld, precessing around this direction. See also nuclear magne ...

Spin–orbit coupling is large in many nuclei, particularly heavy nuclei. spirits of saltA name formerly given to hydrogen chlorid ...

stable equilibriumSee equilib- rium. staggered See conformation. staggered conformation See con- formation. stainless steelA for ...

stanniteSee stannate. stannous compoundsCom- pounds of tin in its lower (+2) oxida- tion state; e.g. stannous chloride is tin(II ...

is the number of degrees of freedom of the particles. This new concept led to Bose–Einstein statistics, and for particles obeyin ...

stereoregular 504 s stereoregular Describing a *poly- mer that has a regular pattern of side groups along its chain. stereospeci ...

Stirling’s approximation An ap- proximation for the factorial, n!, of a number n. The precise form of Stir- ling’s approximation ...

Stokes lines being called the S-branch of the Raman spectrum. Stokes radiation is named after the British physicist Sir George G ...

This can be made by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with strontium carbonate, oxide, or hydroxide. Strontium chloride is used for ...

trophilic substitution; nucleo- philic substitution. substrate1.The substance that is affected by the action of a catalyst; for ...

phite)A salt that contains the nega- tive ion S 2 O 4 2–, usually formed by the reduction of sulphites with excess SO 2. Solutio ...

sulphur cycle 510 s the sulphur atoms form chains and the liquid becomes more viscous and dark brown. If the molten sulphur is c ...

SOCl 2 ; m.p. –105°C; b.p. 78.8°C. It hy- drolyses rapidly in water but is solu- ble in benzene. It may be prepared by the direc ...

sulphuric(IV) acid 512 s CuO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (l) →CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) It is also a powerful dehydrating agent, capable of remov ...

sulphydryl group See thiols. superacidAn *acid that has a pro- ton-donating ability equal to or greater than that of anhydrous s ...