A01_RICH4603_04_SE_A01.QXD

pharynxn that part of the throat which extends from above the vocal cords up to the soft palate (velum) at the back of the mouth ...

phoneme synthesisn the conversion of a digital representation of phonemes into sounds by a speech synthesizer (see speech synthe ...

phonetic notationn also phonetic script see notation, phonetic symbols phoneticsnphoneticadj the study of speech sounds. There a ...

then try to build up the sound of a new or unfamiliar word by saying it one sound at a time. see alsoalphabetic method phonologi ...

phrasal verbn a verbal construction consisting of a verb plus an adverb particle. A dis- tinction may be made between phrasal ve ...

phrase-structure grammarn a grammar which analyzes the structure of different sentence types in a language. It consists of phras ...

over a long period and for many purposes. For example, Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin): yu ken kisim long olgeta bik pela stua you ...

An example is Bahasa Pasar (Bazaar Malay), a pidginized form of Malay, which was spoken extensively by Chinese and other non Mal ...

differences in the size of their vocal cords and the structure of their vocal tract. pitch range^2 n variations in height which ...

c the tongue touching the upper teeth (interdental), e.g. /q/ th in thick dthe tongue touching the alveolar ridge(alveolum) (alv ...

plosive n another term for stop pluraln (with English countable nouns, and pronouns,) the form referring to more than one. For e ...

Politeness markers include differences between formal speech and col- loquial speech, and the use of address forms. In expressin ...

d there is evidence of mastery of knowledge e it may include various forms of work, such as written work, audio recording, video ...

that the world is orderly, that all natural phenomena have natural causes, and that nothing is self-evident, but the laws of nat ...

postmodernismn also postpositivism a term that has significantly different meanings in architecture, literary criticism, anthrop ...

post-testn a test given after learning has occurred or is supposed to have occurred. A test given before learning has occurred i ...

a Presentation stage: the introduction of new items, when their meanings are explained, demonstrated, etc., and other necessary ...

of teaching, their knowledge of their teaching subject (e.g. English), and their personal beliefs about teaching and learning. s ...

pragmatic transfern transfer of L1 norms and forms of performing speech acts. Pragmatic transfer may result in the inappropriate ...

predicationn see proposition predicative adjectiven an adjective that is used after a verb. see also attributive adjective predi ...