A History of Western Philosophy

abbeys, which owed everything directly to Rome. The Venerable Bede was a monk at Jarrow. His pupil Ecgbert, first archbishop of ...

and irregular marriages. In England, it lost this position under Henry VIII, but recovered it under Edward VIII. When Lothar II ...

eclesiastical monarch. He maintained, however, that bishops owe their existence to the Pope, and while he lived he succeeded, on ...

But it was not strong enough to govern Rome, as it had done after Justinian's conquest, and the papacy became, for about a hundr ...

part, violent, immoral, and worldly; they were corrupted by the wealth and power that they owed to the benefactions of the pious ...

during the Middle Ages. There is no reason, in the nature of things why this superiority should continue. In the present war, gr ...

To understand the occurrence of such a man, we must turn our attention first to Irish culture in the centuries following Saint P ...

selves to voluntary exile to attend the bidding of Solomon the wise" --i. e., King Charles the Bald. * The lives of learned men ...

843, and was by him placed at the head of the court school. A dispute as to predestination and free will had arisen between Gott ...

ing Neoplatonism with Christianity. The date of this work is unknown; it was certainly before 500 and after Plotinus. It was wid ...

is not created alone has essential subsistence; it is the essence of all things. God is the beginning, middle, and end of things ...

first three of his kinds of being are derived indirectly from Aristotle's moving-not-moved, moving-and-moved, moved-but-not-movi ...

John's translation of the pseudo-Dionysius had a great influence on medieval thought, but his magnum opus on the division of Nat ...

was therefore natural that the victory of reform in the Church should lead straight on to a violent conflict between Emperor and ...

thought that one could repent on one's deathbed. Another reason, which operated less in Rome than elsewhere, was that kings coul ...

him. For these reasons, the campaign against simony was a necessary part of the ecclesiastical struggle for power. Very similar ...

After these general preliminaries, let us come to the actual history of the reform movement in the eleventh-century Church. The ...

of the Emperor. The last dynastic Pope was Benedict IX, elected in 1032, and said to have been only twelve years old at the time ...

death the cardinals chose one Pope while the Romans, reasserting the rights they had surrendered, chose another. The empress sid ...

Milan in 1059 he made a speech against simony to the assembled clerics. At first they were so enraged that his life was in dange ...