A History of Western Philosophy

celibacy. In Germany the clergy objected, and on this ground as well as others were inclined to side with the Emperor. The laity ...

where the Pope was. For three days the Pope kept him waiting, barefoot and in penitential garb. At last he was admitted. Having ...

port of which view he appealed to John the Scot, who was therefore posthumously condemned. Berengar denied transubstantiation, a ...

stated the argument in its naked logical purity. In gaining purity, it loses plausibility; but this also is to Anselm's credit. ...

century was Boethius translation of the Categories and De Emendatione. Thus Aristotle was conceived as a mere dialectician, and ...

Prophet. (The Ottoman Turks, who finally conquered Constantinople, belong to a later period than that with which we are now conc ...

showed no reluctance to serve under their new masters. Indeed, the change made their work easier, since taxation was lightened v ...

to every one in legendary form through the Arabian Nights. His court was a brilliant centre of luxury, poetry, and learning; his ...

where water is scarce. To this day Spanish agriculture profits by Arab irrigation works. The distinctive culture of the Muslim w ...

into the Muslim world, were by no means purely Greek in their outlook. Their school at Edessa had been closed by the Emperor Zen ...

the other when he is combating Plato. This makes him ideal material for the commentator. Avicenna invented a formula, which was ...

with Averroes; and in the rest of the Mohammedan world a rigid orthodoxy put an end to speculation. Ueberweg, rather amusingly, ...

in his philosophic capacity, interprets in an Aristotelian fashion. Averroes is more important in Christian than in Mohammedan p ...

(1) The continued conflict of empire and papacy; (2) The rise of the Lombard cities; (3) The Crusades; and (4) The growth of sch ...

Aristotle, showed more originality than any of the Arabs--more, indeed, than any one since Plotinus, or at any rate since August ...

made public, the ecclesiastics rebelled furiously against the Pope. The Emperor, who was in Rome, took the opportunity to seize ...

alike, and, as a help in the struggle, had invited a saintly heretic, Arnold of Brescia. * His heresy was very grave: he maintai ...

Emperor, duly provided with an antipope, * marched on Rome with a great army. The Pope fled, and his cause seemed desperate, but ...

them. Some beginnings of democracy resulted, and a constitution arose under which the rulers of the city were elected by the cit ...

traders did not trouble themselves with Greek classics, any more than English or American traders in Shanghai troubled themselve ...