Abnormal Psychology

Substance Use Disorders 399 P S N P S N thereby creates excess serotonin in the synapse (analogous to the effect of cocaine on d ...

400 CHAPTER 9 Reward craving The desire for the gratifying effects of using a substance. Relief craving The desire for the tempo ...

Substance Use Disorders 401 substance can eliminate withdrawal symptoms. That is, once a substance develops dependence, he or sh ...

402 CHAPTER 9 P S N P S N Targeting Social Factors In addition to the neurological and psychological factors that contribute to ...

Substance Use Disorders 403 Sociocultural Factors In addition to family and friends, other social forces can nudge individuals c ...

404 CHAPTER 9 Depressants Ringo Starr and John Lennon both had long periods of alcohol dependence. Starr reported that he “waste ...

Substance Use Disorders 405 9.8 • Blood Alcohol Concentration and Its Effects Different blood alcohol concentrations are on aver ...

406 CHAPTER 9 loss of control, which consists of not being able to stop drinking once drinking has begun; physical dependence, ...

Substance Use Disorders 407 confusion, and, in some cases, seizures (NIDA, 2005c). People who have become dependent on a barbitu ...

408 CHAPTER 9 isn’t consuming alcohol, he or she may experience symptoms related to opioid with- drawal, which are unpleasant. T ...

Substance Use Disorders 409 Family and Twin Studies For centuries, observers ranging from novelists to law enforcement offi cial ...

410 CHAPTER 9 summarizes the neurological factors that contribute to the abuse of and dependence on depressants. Psychological F ...

Substance Use Disorders 411 Changing Cultural Norms and Alcohol Abuse Culture affects both the degree of alcohol abuse and the w ...

412 CHAPTER 9 Other Abused Substances This chapter has focused so far on stimulants and depressants because they are the most co ...

Substance Use Disorders 413 take the drug, again and again—which in turn leads to tolerance. Tolerance makes the same dose of he ...

414 CHAPTER 9 are less predictable in their effects, and are more sensitive to the user’s expectations as well as the context in ...

Substance Use Disorders 415 skills (Ramaekers et al., 2006). THC ultimately activates the dopamine reward sys- tem (NIDA, 2000). ...

416 CHAPTER 9 Ketamine Ketamine(“Special K” or “vitamin K”) induces anesthesia and hallucinations and can be injected or snorted ...

Substance Use Disorders 417 and it activates the dopamine reward system. For instance, in rats, cannabinoids trigger dopamine re ...

418 CHAPTER 9 Social Factors The social factors that are commonly associated with abuse of or dependence on stimulants and depre ...