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1- Diamox, a diuretic which causes bicarbonate wastage (bicarbonaturia). 2- Renal tubular acidosis (RTA); resulting from either: ...
4- Anion exchange (CL- versus HCo 3 - ) as with the use of cholestyramine. 5- Ingestion of Ca and Mg chlorides. Treatment of met ...
Severe respiratory disease e.g. obstructive air way disease and severe obesity. Central depression of respiratory drive. Clini ...
Chloride and K+ are also usually low. K+ is low as a result of the renal loss and the intracellular shift. Causes: A- Renal: 1 ...
Hyperaldosteronism stands as a common mediator in metabolic alkalosis as it lead to enhanced K+ and H+ excretion, with sodium an ...
Features: ↓ PCo2 ↑ pH ↓ HCo 3 Causes of respiratory Alkalosis: 1- Iatrogenic in patients under ventilatory support. 2- Liver c ...
HYPERTENSION AND THE KIDNEY Most physicians, consider the blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg in patients under the age of 50 years ...
2- Endocrinal: a. Adrenal cortex: Cushing's syndrome Conn's syndrome b- Adrenal medulla and splanchnic sympathetic chain: Phe ...
stenosis (renovascular hypertension) or disease of the renal parenchyma as glomerulonephritis (Renoparenchymal hypertension). Pa ...
presence of renal artery stenosis this group of drugs are contraindicated. B- Conn's Syndrome-Primary hyperaldosteronism: This i ...
Beside the clinical criteria of this tumour, serum and urinary catecholamine assay will confirm the diagnosis. Localization of t ...
5- Drugs and toxins producing combined Hepatic and Renal damage. A- Drugs causing hepatic injury and acute tubular necrosis: Ha ...
Etiology :- HRS usually develops in hospitalized patient, indicating that iatrogenic factors are playing important role in the p ...
Pre renal^ azotemia Hepatorenal syndrome Acute tubular Necrosis Urinary sodium (mmol/L) <10 <10 >20 Urine/plasma creati ...
inferior vena cava obstruction and may increase the cardiac output and the renal perfusion. Dialysis may be indicated in select ...
Most of this protein is albumin and Tamm Horsfall protein with smaller amounts of immunoglobulins. False positive proteinuria b ...
Differential Diagnosis of Proteinuria: I. Functional proteinuria: There is no organic change in the kidney tissue: it is usually ...
Investigations of a case of proteinuria: Characterization of proteinuria: After diagnosis of proteinuria by dip stick test, it ...
Renal biopsy will give the final answer for the diagnosis of the kidney lesion causing proteinuria. HAEMATURIA Definitions No ...
Proteinuria is present in most cases of glomerular hematuria but not in cases of non glomerular hematuria. Casts such as protei ...
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