Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

ALKYNES: Figure 2.13 The IR spectrum of 1-hexyne. ALKENES: Figure 2.14 The IR spectrum of 1-hexene. ...

2.16E OTHER FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Shape and intensity of IR peaks: Figure 2.15 The IR spectrum of cyclohexanol. Acids: Figure 2. ...

HOW TO APPROACH THE ANALYSIS OF A SPECTRUM 1. Is a carbonyl group present? The C=O group gives rise to a strong absorption in th ...

medium absorptions(s) near 3500 cm–1 (2.85 μ) ETHERS Check for C–O (and absence of OH) near 1300-1000 cm–1 (7.7-10 μ) 4. Doubl ...

AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC REACTIONS: ACIDS AND BASES SHUTTLING THE PROTONS Carbonic anhydrase regulates the acidity of blood a ...

Addition Reactions: CC H H H H + Br Br B CCl 4 An additionreaction H C H r C H Br H Elimination Reactions: H C H H C H Br H ...

breaking ⇒ produces ions. A B A+ + B− Ions Hydrolytic bond cleavage Homolytic bond dissociation (homolysis): electronically sym ...

H O + O H H Cl H + H H Cl− Base (proton acceptor) Acid (proton donor) Conjugate acid of H 2 O Conjugate base of HCl 1) Hydrogen ...

1) Total Ionic Reaction H O+ + −O O H H Cl − + Na+ H H + H (^2) Na+ + Cl− Spectator inos 2) Net Reaction O+ +H−O O H H^2 H H H 3 ...

3) The central aluminum atom in aluminum chloride is electron-deficient because it has only a sextet of electrons. Group 3A elem ...

BF 3 has substantial positive charge centered on the boron atom and negative charge located on the three fluorine atoms. NH 3 h ...

G+C ZG− Heterolysis C+ + Z− Carbocation G−C ZG+ Heterolysis C− + Z+ Carbanion Carbocations have six electrons in their valence ...

Nucleophile: “nucleus-loving” reagent − Carbanion C + Le HA wis acid G+ G− C H + A− − Carbanion C + Lewis acid G+CLG− C C + L− ...

2) The negatively charged electrons of the oxygen atom are attracted to the positively charged proton. Other examples: H O+ H ...

Ka = Keq [H 2 O] = [H [CHO ]^ [CHCOCOH] ] 3 2 3  3 2 − 2) At 25 °C, the acidity constant for acetic aicd is 1.76 × 10−^5. 3) Ge ...

Table 3.1 Relative Strength of Selected Acids and their Conjugate Bases Acid Approximate pKa Conjugate Base Strongest Acid HSbF ...

Increasing base strength Cl− CH 3 CO 2 − HO− Very weak base Strong base pKa of conjugate pKa of conjugate pKa of conjugate acid ...

COH O CO− O R H Stronger acid Weaker base R + −O H + O H Stronger base Weaker acid pKa = 3-5 pKa = 15.7 Na+ Large difference in ...

3.7 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND ACIDITY The strength of an acid depends on the extent to which a proton can be separ ...

Acidity increases from left to right when we compare compounds in the same horizontal row of the periodic table. Bond strengt ...