Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

4) Highest amount of positive charge at the hydrogen of hydrogen fluoride (pKa = 3.2). Figure 3.2 The effect of increasing elect ...

2) Hybrid orbitals having more s character means that the electrons of the anion will, on the average, be lower in energy, and t ...

3.7B INDUCTIVE EFFECTS The C—C bond of ethane is completely nonpolar: H 3 C−CH 3 Ethane The C−C bond is nonpolar. The C—C bon ...

3.8 ENERGY CHANGES Kinetic energy and potential energy: Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion. K. ...

3.8A POTENTIAL ENERGY AND COVALENT BONDS Formation of covalent bonds: H• + H• H− H 'H° = −435 kJ mol−^1 The potential energy ...

temperature of 1 Kg of water at 15 °C by 1 °C. 3) The reactants and products are in their standard states: 1 atm pressure for a ...

Carboxylic acids are much more acidic than the corresponding alcohols: pKas for R–COOH are in the range of 3-5;.pKas for R–OH a ...

3.10A AN EXPLANATION BASED ON RESONANCE EFFECTS Resonance stabilized acetate anion: H 3 C C ++H 2 OH 3 O+ O O H C O− O C O− ...

3.10B AN EXPLANATION BASED ON INDUCTIVE EFFECTS The inductive effect of the carbonyl group (C=O group) is responsible for the a ...

Acetate anion Ethoxide anion (Weaker base) (Stronger base) The electrostatic potential maps for the acetate and the ethoxide io ...

pKa = 4.75 pKa = 2.86 1) The extra electron-withdrawing inductive effect of the electronegative chlorine atom is responsible for ...

3.11 THE EFFECT OF THE SOLVENT ON ACIDITY In the absence of a solvent (i.e., in the gas phase), most acids are far weaker than ...

2) Table 3.2 shows, the −T'S° term contributes more to 'G° than 'H° does ⇒ the free-energy change for the ionization of acetic a ...

3.12 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS BASES 3.12A Organic Bases An organic compound contains an atom with an unshared electron pair is a po ...

6) The π bond of an alkene can act as a base: CC + H A + A− Alkene Carbocation + Strong acid Weak base CC R R H The π bond break ...

A Mechanism for the Reaction Reaction of tert-Butyl Alcohol with Concentrated Aqueous HCl: Step 1 HO H O H + H OH O H H H H 3 C ...

carbon-oxygen by drawing the electrons in the direction of the positive oxygen.) Step 3 is a Lewis acid-base reaction. 3.14 AC ...

1) Alkoxide ions are somewhat stronger bases than hydroxide ions because alcohols are weaker acids than water. 2) Addition of so ...

DEUTERIUM- AND TRITIUM-LABELED COMPOUNDS Deuterium (^2 H) and tritium (^3 H) label: For most chemical purposes, deuterium and t ...

ALKANES: NOMENCLATURE, CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS, AND AN INTRODUCTION TO SYNTHESIS TO BE FLEXIBLE OR INFLEXIBLE ––– MOLECULAR STRU ...