Analytical Chemistry

keeping the others nominally constant is neither efficient nor necessarily successful. This point is well illustrated in Chapter ...

(5) Calculate the confidence interval (90%) about the mean of the data in question 3. (6) An exercise was carried out to compare ...

Laboratory 1 Laboratory 2 34.97 35.02 34.85 34.96 34.94 34.99 34.88 35.07 34.85 Comment upon the precisions attained in the two ...

0.271 6.20 5.68 0.457 6.03 5.74 (11) Find the equation for the regression line of y on x for the following pairs of values. Plot ...

Further Reading Barnett, V. & Lewis, T., Outliers in Statistical Data, Wiley, 1978. Calcutt, R. & Boddy, R., Statistics ...

3 — pH, Complexation and Solubility Equilibria Since so many analytical procedures involve solution chemistry an understanding o ...

Weak Electrolyte A compound which remains significantly undissociated in solution. 'p' Notation Defined by and used for convenie ...

text, no distinction will be made. For all cases the values of equilibrium constants quoted are based on concentrations and repr ...

(i.e. ∆S becomes more positive). A reaction that results in a net increase in the number of species will in these terms be favou ...

preferentially with Nn+, reducing αN and hence K'NL relative to K'ML. These ideas will be particularly useful when handling poly ...

Table 3.1 Some typical solvents Ionizing Intermediate Non-ionizing water alcohols containing up to chloroform hydrochloric acid ...

Water and other hydroxylic solvents both donate and accept protons with reasonable facility and are termed amphiprotic. Non-ioni ...

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is incorporated in the constants Ka and Kb. If the concentrations are expressed in mol dm–^3 , Ka and Kb have the same units. Ta ...

Table 3.3 pKa values for some Lowry–Brønsted acids Acid pK 1 pK 2 pK 3 pK 4 acetic CH 3 COOH 4.76 ammonium 9.25 chloracetic CH 2 ...

The first point to be noted is that if AH and A– are present in equal quantities, pH = pKa. Secondly, when the pH of the solutio ...

Figure 3.1 Distribution diagram of α against pH for acid AH and its conjugate base A–. concept developed above is a versatile an ...

Table 3.4 Some typical buffer solutions Solutions pH Range phthalic acid and potassium hydrogen phthalate 2.2–4.2 citric acid an ...

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(As in equations (3.14) and (3.16) the solvent term [H 2 O] is by convention omitted. Kh is simply related to Kw and Ka by equat ...