Hydraulic Structures: Fourth Edition

Chapter 12 Hydroelectric power development 12.1 Introduction Hydropower is extracted from the natural potential of usable water ...

12.2 Worldwide hydroelectric power development in perspective The total installed hydropower capacity worldwide is about 740 GW ...

must be installed to meet the peak demand while, on average, a consider- able part of this machinery is standing idle. The choic ...

Because of the variable inflow and operating conditions of the plant these levels vary. The effective or net head, H, is the hea ...

(b) Diversion canal plant Sometimes topographic, geological and hydrological conditions and environmental and economic considera ...

A pumped storage plant is an economical addition to a system which increases the load factor of other systems and also provides ...

and Dinorwic (1680 MW) in North Wales, and at Foyers (300 MW) and Cruachan (450 MW) in Scotland. A major recently completed 1060 ...

monthly flow over a period of several years, to determine the plant capac- ity and estimated output which are dependent on the a ...

504 HYDROELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT Fig. 12.7 Flow–power duration curve (power scale multiplying factor gH) plant may be opera ...

12.8 Hydraulic turbines and their selection 12.8.1 Types of hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbines may be considered as hydraulic ...

its direction can be controlled by these adjustable gates. After leaving the runner, the water enters a draft tube which deliver ...

whereNis the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rev min^1 ),Pis the power developed (kW), and His the effective head (m ...

508 HYDROELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT Fig. 12.10 Turbine performance curves load condition) it is better to use a greater number o ...

If the turbines are to drive electricity generators their speeds must correspond to the nearest synchronous speed for a.c. machi ...

12.8.5 Cavitation in turbines and turbine setting, Ys Cavitation results in pitting, vibration and reduction in efficiency and i ...

The cavitation characteristic of a hydraulic machine is defined as the cavitation coefficient or plant sigma (), given by (Ha ...

12.8.6 Runner diameter, D For the approximate calculations of the runner diameter, the following empirical formula (Mosonyi, 198 ...

to lead water to the tail race). A spiral-shaped scroll case of the correct geometry ensures even distribution of water around t ...

assumptions: (a) a spiral case of constant height; (b) an evenly distributed flow into the turbine; (c) no friction losses. Refe ...

Equation (12.16) now becomes Q/2πK r 1 r 0 hdr/r R r 1 H 0 dr/r (12.18) which, on integration, after replacing hby equation ...