Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution

.Increased performance in host servers for the same or lower cost, lower cost of memory, and in particular the movement to Windo ...

devices. The automated distribution substations and the automated distribution line devices are then operated as a system to fac ...

22.2.4 Host Computer System 22.2.4.1 SCADA Servers As SCADA has proven its value in operation during inclement weather condition ...

22.2.7 Relational Databases, Data Servers, and Web Servers The traditional SCADA systems were poor providers of data to anyone n ...

increasing load requirements. The use of the real-time data permits the planning engineers to optimize the annual capital expend ...

IEDs include electronic meters, electronic relays, and controls on specific substation equipment such as breakers, regulators, L ...

reconfigure a section of the electric distribution system to isolate and reconnect in a matter of seconds is the primary criteri ...

collect trouble calls received by human operators and interactive voice recorders (IVR). The trouble calls are fed to an analysi ...

22.6 Practical Considerations 22.6.1 Choosing the Vendor 22.6.1.1 Choosing a Platform Vendor In choosing a platform (SCADA, DMS, ...

by virtue of widespread acceptance. As an example of what can occur, the reader is invited to consider what has happened in netw ...

completed automated field device. The point assignment (PA) sheet is a project activity that merits serious attention. The PA sh ...

23 Hard to Find Information (on Distribution System Characteristics and Protection) Jim Burke InfraSource Technology 23.1 Overcu ...

however, lines are generally 10 miles or less. Short-circuit levels at the substation are dependent on voltage level and substat ...

23.1.2.1 Low Impedance Faults Low impedance faults or bolted faults can be either very high in current magnitude (10,000 A or ab ...

23.1.3 Surface Current Levels See Figure 23.3. 23.1.4 Reclosing and Inrush On most systems where most faults are temporary, the ...

operation would not appear to be the result of loss of diversity but rather the high inrush currents. Since inrush occurs during ...

23.1.6 Calculation of Fault Current Line Faults Line-to-neutral fault¼ E ffiffiffi 3 p 2 Z‘ whereZ‘is the line impedance and 2Z‘ ...

this results in a high resistance in series with the faults. This not only limits the magnitude of the fault but also the energy ...

. If current exceeds the maximum case rupture point, a CLF must be used. . CLFs should be used if a single parallel group exceed ...

Someexpulsion fusescan handle 100% continuous and some 150%. Type ‘‘K’’ is a fast fuse link with a speed ratio of melting time– ...