Instant Notes: Plant Biology

organ culturein which an organ (flower bud, immature fruit) is grown isolated from the parent plant; embryo culturein which an ...

In order to initiate a solid cell or tissue culture, a sterile fragment (explant) of plant material must be obtained and placed ...

After prolonged culture, the cells may alter in their characteristics as a result of mutation or the activation of previously in ...

Production of secondary products in suspension culture Many plant secondary products (Topic J5) are difficult to produce by orga ...

Section O – Plant genetic engineering and biotechnology O3 Plant genetic engineering The concept Genetic engineering (recombinan ...

Agrobacterium tumifaciens contains a plasmid, a circular piece of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome, known as the Ti pl ...

ligase, to form a recombinant plasmid (Fig. 2). The gene inserted must contain a promoter (Topic E2) which will allow it to be e ...

The risks of plant genetic manipulation may be divided into three classes: environmental,food safetyandsocio-economic. Environme ...

hands of a few multinational companies; that GM permits seed suppliers to have much greater control over the livelihood of agric ...

Section P – Plant diversity P1 Diversity and life cycles Classification A basic classification of plants is given in Table 1. Th ...

gametes. Divisions in plant classification are based on whether the sporophyte or gametophyte is the main plant, the degree of r ...

alike. In the brown algae (Phaeophyta), the sporophyte is the dominant genera- tion and the gametophyte much reduced in size. In ...

Section P – Plant diversity P2 The algae There is a large variety of unicellular photosynthetic algae and each group has undergo ...

as algae. It is possible that some of these have developed chloroplasts indepen- dently, perhaps through engulfing a photosynthe ...

made from mucilage in the cell walls. The red or purple pigments absorb most of the available light in the deep waters where the ...

complex, or the gametophyte much reduced. In the wracks the gametophyte is reduced to gametes only, so there appears to be no al ...

Section P – Plant diversity P3 The bryophytes Key Notes Three groups of bryophytes are known: mosses, liverworts and hornworts. ...

Description The bryophytes, subkingdom Bryophyta, comprise two large groups: the mosses, Bryopsida or Musci, and the liverworts, ...

Thallose liverwortshave a simple thallus (Fig. 1) several cells thick that branches dichotomously. Some consist of little more t ...

those of other mosses. The leaves of the bog mosses (Sphagnum) have normal photosynthetic cells interspersed with much larger de ...