PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IN BRIEF

CHAP. 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 101 Example Calculate the absolute molar entropy of liquid sulphur dioxide at ...

CHAP. 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 102 The change in the Helmhotz energy with volume at constant temperature can ...

CHAP. 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 103 3.5.7 Gibbs energy 3.5.7.1 Temperature and pressure dependence The Gibbs ...

CHAP. 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 104 3.5.8.1 Ideal gas. For an ideal gas, fugacity is equal to pressure f=p , ...

CHAP. 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 105 on the path from the initial to the final state. In calculations, the irr ...

CHAP. 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 106 Solution For an irreversible phase transition, we have the inequalities ( ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 107 Chapter 4 Application of thermodynamics 4.1 Work. 4.1.1 Reversible volume ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 108 Isobaric process p= const =⇒ Wvol=−p(V 2 −V 1 ). (4.2) Isochoric process ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 109 Example Determine work during expansion into vacuum. Solution In this case ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 110 Shaft work is applied for machines with a steady flow of the substance [se ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 111 4.2 Heat That portion of internal energy which can be exchanged between a ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 112 4.2.1 Adiabatic process—Poisson’s equations During an adiabatic process [s ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 113 Solution It follows from equation (4.24) that T 2 =T 1 ( P 1 p 2 )(1−κ)/κ ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 114 If a system behaves as an ideal gas, we may write (4.26) in the form Wvol= ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 115 4.3 Heat engines. Aheat engineis a device that cyclically converts heat in ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 116 d d d d T 1 T 2 1 2 3 4 a b c d p Vm Obr.4.1:The Carnot cycle in variables ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 117 (^12) 4 3 a b c d Sm T Obr.4.2:The Carnot cycle in variablesT−Sm. The line ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 118 Solution From relation (4.30) we have η= T 2 −T 1 T 2 = 600 − 300 600 = 1 ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 119 4.3.2 Cooling engine A cooling engine is a device that cyclically absorbs ...

CHAP. 4: APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS [CONTENTS] 120 AHeat pumpis a device consisting of a cooling engine and a warmer reservoi ...