Mathematical Principles of Theoretical Physics
1.3 First Principles of Four Fundamental Interactions Here theNwave functions:Ψ= (ψ 1 ,···,ψN)Trepresent theNparticle fields, th ...
8 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2) The action (1.3.4) satisfy the invariance of general relativity, Lorentz in- variance, gaug ...
1.3. FIRST PRINCIPLES OF FOUR FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 9 Third, the PIDSU(N)gauge field equations (1.3.5) and (1.3.6) provide a ...
10 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION gauge interacting fieldsAμand{Wμa}^3 a= 1 , corresponding to two different gauge groupsU( 1 ) ...
1.4 Symmetry and Symmetry-Breaking with the metricgμ νrepresenting the gravitational potential. In other words,gravity is mani- ...
12 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION of three main ingredients: 1) the underlying space, 2) the symmetry group, and 3) tensors, de ...
1.5 Unified Field Theory Based On PID and PRI with the principle of general relativity. Also, there are nobasic principles and r ...
14 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION The field describing electromagnetic interaction is theU( 1 )gauge field{Aμ},repre- senting ...
4.3 Unified Field Model Based on PID and PRI Equations (1.5.7) are the gauge covariant Dirac equations for all fermions particip ...
16 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.6 Theory of Strong Interactions The strong interaction is responsible for the nuclear force ...
1.6 Theory of Strong Interactions. confines quarks inside hadrons, in the nucleon level, stronginteraction bounds nucleons in- s ...
18 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION With the strong interaction potential (1.6.5), we can calculate the strong interaction bound ...
1.8 New Theory of Black Holes are covariant under these symmetries. The gauge symmetry isspontaneously breaking in the field equ ...
20 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION is called the Schwarzschild radius, at which the metric displays a singularity. There have be ...
1.9 The Universe 3.Geometric realization of a black hole.As described in Section 4.1 in (Ma and Wang, 2014a) and in Section7.3.1 ...
22 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION is clearly against the observations of our Universe, and demonstrates that our Universe canno ...
7.5 The Universe the redshift. In modern astronomy and cosmology, it is customary to characterize the redshift by a dimensionles ...
24 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Equivalently, the above interpretation of dark matter and dark energy is consistent with the ...
1.10 Supernovae Explosion and AGN Jets. 1.10 Supernovae Explosion and AGN Jets Supernovae explosion and the active galactic nucl ...
26 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION This mechanism can also be applied to supernovae explosion.When a very massive red giant comp ...
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