Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes
witches’ broom disease (Crinipellis perniciosa) in 1989 motivated the conver- sion of some of these traditional systems into pas ...
ter focuses on cocoa, some of the conclusions are also valid for other tropical tree crops that are both consumers of tropical f ...
The Sonocusco province (in Mexico) was famous for its wealth and prosperity, densely populated with Indians and much vis- ited b ...
independence, both the Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon produced approximately 100,000 metric tons of cocoa per year. After independen ...
For the first year, the total effort for clearing, planting, and weed control was 168 working days per hectare for replanting an ...
In the same tone, Delawarde (1935) wrote about Martinique Island in the seventeenth century: “In the mountains, cacao cultures g ...
A Forest for a Bottle of Gin: Migrants and the Cocoa Boom of the Côte d’Ivoire The history of cocoa in the Côte d’Ivoire began i ...
canopy of cocoa agroforests. Reference to these agroforests in the Côte d’Ivoire, which resembled those of the neighboring Ghana ...
An inconvenience of the traditional agroforest method is delayed returns, as heavy shade slows down the growth of the tree crops ...
that allowed them to attack the stem above the buttresses, as had been done previously. Along with the cocoa trees the migrants ...
rates of agroforest practices in most other regions where migrants dominate the cocoa sector. The End of the Cycle The problem o ...
plantations in some regions of the country, such as the former cocoa regions of Tanda and M’Bahiakro, which had almost turned in ...
replanting old and degraded coffee farms in the region (Bureau pour le Développement de la Production Agricole 1963). A decade o ...
more difficult but potentially leading to more permanent, shaded cocoa sys- tems, would have been the use of tree fallows to sup ...
farmers in the Soubré region in the center-west of the Côte d’Ivoire in the 1990s. Already in the 1960s, agronomists had classif ...
per hectare (compared with about 1,500 cocoa trees per hectare). For both indigenous farmers and migrants in the survey, the rev ...
are said to provide habitat to insect pests (mirids) and are considered globally harmful to cocoa (Ruf 1996). Although more comp ...
evolved and been well conserved into the twenty-first century. Why has this happened, and what are their chances of surviving in ...
development of the cabruca system. As Alger and Caldas (1992) note, farmers on large estates tended to plant cocoa under native ...
importance as the witches’ broom disease in reducing cocoa yields (F. Ruf, unpublished survey data, 1996). In 2003, protection o ...
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